Skip to main content

Famotidine (Monograph)

Brand name: Pepcid
Drug class: Histamine H2-Antagonists

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Oct 10, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Histamine H2 receptor antagonist.1 3 4 6 23 46 48 114

Uses for Famotidine

Duodenal Ulcer

Short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer (endoscopically or radiographically confirmed).1 4 5 6 7 12 16 18 19 22 91 92 93 94 114 123 124 128 129 130 135

Maintenance of healing and reduction in recurrence of duodenal ulcer.1 4 8 88 91 93 114

Pathologic GI Hypersecretory Conditions

Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomas.1 4 5 10 51 93 114 122 132

Gastric Ulcer

Short-term treatment of active benign gastric ulcer.1 4 5 9 12 14 20 22 75 89 93 94 124 131 136 140

Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)

Short-term treatment of symptomatic GERD.1 139 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

Short-term treatment of esophagitis, including erosions or ulcers (endoscopically diagnosed) in patients with GERD.1 167 168 171

Self-medication as initial therapy for less severe symptomatic GERD† [off-label].261

Short-term self-medication for relief of heartburn symptoms in adults and adolescents ≥12 years of age.238 260

Short-term self-medication for prevention of heartburn symptoms associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach brought on by ingestion of certain foods and beverages in adults and children ≥12 years of age.238 260

Famotidine Dosage and Administration

Administration

Administered orally,1 or by slow IV injection or intermittent IV infusion in hospitalized patients with pathological GI hypersecretory conditions or intractable duodenal ulcer, or when oral therapy is not feasible.240

Oral Administration

Administer with or without food; administration with food may slightly enhance bioavailabilty.1 3 47 114

Antacids may be used as necessary for pain relief.1 4 6 7 16 18 19 49 94

Tablet for self-medication should be administered with a glass of water.c d

Chewable tablets (Pepcid AC Chewable, Pepcid Complete) for self-medication should be chewed thoroughly before swallowing.238 260

For duodenal ulcer treatment, the advantage of administration once daily at bedtime (when convenience is important for compliance) over twice-daily administration has not been determined.4 7 16 18 93 130

For gastric ulcer treatment in adults, administer once daily at bedtime.1 9 22 93 131 136

For gastroesophageal reflux, once daily dosage not considered appropriate.261

Oral Suspension

Add 46 mL of water to bottle containing 400 mg of famotidine for 40 mg/5mL suspension.1 3 14

Shake oral suspension vigorously for 5–10 seconds after reconstitution and before each use.1

Intermittent Direct IV Injection

Dilution

Dilute 20 mg to 5–10 mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or other compatible IV solution before direct IV injection.240

Rate of Administration

Inject over not less than 2 minutes (no faster than 10 mg/minute).240

Intermittent IV infusion

Dilution

Dilute 20 mg in at least 100 mL of 5% dextrose injection or other compatible IV solution.240

No additional dilution required for commercially available infusion solution (20 mg famotidine in 50 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection).240

Rate of Administration

Over 15–30 minutes.240

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

General Parenteral Dosage

May administer IV in hospitalized pediatric patients with pathologic hypersecretory conditions, intractable ulcer, or for short-term use when oral therapy is not feasible.b

Safety and efficacy have not been established in children <1 year of age.b

Treatment of Children 1–16 Years of Age

Individualize duration and dosage based on clinical response and/or gastric or esophageal pH determination and endoscopy.1 240

Intermittent Direct IV Injection

Initially, 0.25 mg/kg (15-minute infusion) every 12 hours (maximum 40 mg daily).240 Up to 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours has provided gastric acid suppression.b

Intermittent IV Infusion

Initially, 0.25 mg/kg (over not less than 2 minutes) every 12 hours (maximum 40 mg daily).240 Up to 0.5 mg/kg every 12 hours has provided gastric acid suppressionb

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Treatment of GERD in Infants <3 Months of Age
Oral

0.5 mg/kg once daily for up to 4 weeks.a

Infants should also be receiving conservative measures (e.g., thickened feedings).a

IV

Safety and efficacy not established.b

Treatment of GERD in Infants 3 Months to <1 Year of Age
Oral

0.5 mg/kg twice daily for up to 4 weeks.a

Infants should also be receiving conservative measures (e.g., thickened feedings).a

IV

Safety and efficacy not established.b

Treatment of GERD in Children 1–16 Years of Age
Oral

1 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses (maximum 40 mg twice daily); up to 2 mg/kg daily has been used.a

Individualize duration and dosage based on clinical response and/or gastric or esophageal pH determination and endoscopy.1 240 b

IV

Dosage not established.b

Treatment of Esophagitis in Children 1- 16 Years of Age
Oral

1 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses (maximum 40 mg twice daily); up to 2 mg/kg daily has been used.a

Individualize duration and dosage based on clinical response and/or gastric or esophageal pH determination and endoscopy.1 240 b

IV

Dosage not established.b

Self-medication for Heartburn in Adolescents ≥12 Years of Age
Oral

10-mg tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks) or as directed by clinician.238 239 260 267 268 269

Chewable tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks) or as directed by clinician.238 260 Do not swallow whole; chew completely before swallowing.238 260

20-mg tablets: 20 mg once or twice daily (maximum 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks) or as directed by clinician.238 239 260 267 268 269

Fixed combination of famotidine, calcium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide (Pepcid Complete): 1 tablet (10 mg of famotidine) once or twice daily (maximum 2 tablets in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks).e Do not swallow whole; chew completely before swallowing.e

Self-medication for Prevention of Heartburn In Adolescents ≥12 Years of Age
Oral

10-mg tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (15–60 minutes before ingestion of causative food or beverage); maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks or as directed by clinician.238 239 260 267 268 269

10-mg chewable tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (15–60 minutes before ingestion of causative food or beverage); maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks or as directed by clinician.238 260 Do not swallow whole; chew completely before swallowing.238 260

20-mg tablets: 20 mg once or twice daily (10–60 minutes before ingestion of causative food or beverage); maximum 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks or as directed by clinician.d

Duodenal Ulcer
Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer in Children 1–16 Years of Age
Oral

0.5 mg/kg once daily at bedtime or in 2 divided doses daily (maximum 40 mg daily);1 up to 1 mg/kg daily has been used.1 240

Individualize duration and dosage based on clinical response and/or gastric or esophageal pH determination and endoscopy.1 240

Gastric Ulcer
Treatment of Gastric Ulcer in Children 1–16 Years of Age
Oral

0.5 mg/kg once daily at bedtime or in 2 divided doses daily (maximum 40 mg daily);1 up to 1 mg/kg daily has been used.1 240

Individualize duration and dosage based on clinical response and/or gastric or esophageal pH determination and endoscopy.1

Adults

General Parenteral Dosage

May administer IV in hospitalized adults with pathologic hypersecretory conditions, intractable ulcer, or for short-term use when oral therapy is not feasible.b

Dosage for parenteral administration in patients with GERD has not been established.b

Intermittent Direct IV Injection

20 mg every 12 hours (maximum 40 mg daily).2 114 240

Intermittent IV Infusion

20 mg every 12 hours (maximum 40 mg daily).2 114 240

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Treatment of GERD
Oral

20 mg twice daily for up to 6 weeks.1 167 173 174

40 mg once daily at bedtime also has been used, but is less effective1 139 167 168 and not considered appropriate therapy.261

Treatment of Esophagitis
Oral

20 or 40 mg twice daily for up to 12 weeks.1 167 168 171

Self-medication for Heartburn
Oral

10-mg tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks) or as directed by clinician.238 239 260 267 268 269

Chewable tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks) or as directed by clinician.238 260 Do not swallow whole; chew completely before swallowing.238 260

Fixed combination of famotidine, calcium carbonate, and magnesium hydroxide (Pepcid Complete): 1 tablet (10 mg of famotidine) once or twice daily (maximum 2 tablets in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks).e Do not swallow whole; chew completely before swallowing.e

20-mg tablets: 20 mg once or twice daily (maximum 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks) or as directed by clinician.238 239 260 267 268 269

Self-medication for Prevention of Heartburn
Oral

10-mg tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (15–60 minutes before ingestion of causative food or beverage); maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks or as directed by clinician.238 239 260 267 268 269

Chewable tablets: 10 mg once or twice daily (15–60 minutes before ingestion of causative food or beverage); maximum 20 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks or as directed by clinician.238 260 Do not swallow whole; chew completely before swallowing.238 260

20-mg tablets: 20 mg once or twice daily (10–60 minutes before ingestion of causative food or beverage); maximum 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks or as directed by clinician .d

Duodenal Ulcer
Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer
Oral

40 mg once daily at bedtime, or 20 mg twice daily.1 2 4 7 16 18 19 22 92 114 129 130

Healing may occur within 2 weeks in some, 1 4 6 16 18 19 22 and within 4 weeks in most patients;1 4 6 7 16 18 19 22 93 114 129 some patients may benefit from an additional 4 weeks of therapy.1 4 7 16 18 19 22 129

Occasionally may be necessary to continue full-dose therapy for >6–8 weeks.1 114 116

Safety and efficacy of continuing full-dose therapy for >8 weeks have not been established.1 4

Maintenance of Healing of Duodenal Ulcer
Oral

20 mg once daily at bedtime.1 4 8 114

Gastric Ulcer
Oral

40 mg daily at bedtime for up to 8 weeks.1 9 22 93 131 136

Complete healing of gastric ulcers usually occurs within 8 weeks.9 22 131 136

Safety and efficacy of therapy for >8 weeks have not been established.1

Pathologic GI Hypersecretory Conditions
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Oral

20 mg every 6 hours.1 4 114 Higher doses administered more frequently may be necessary; adjust dosage according to response and tolerance and continue as long as necessary.1 4 10 114 122 141

20–160 mg every 6 hours generally has been necessary to maintain basal gastric acid secretion at <10 mEq/hour.1 10 51 114 123 141

Up to 160 mg every 6 hours,1 or 800 mg daily in divided doses, 2 3 4 10 122 has been used in severe disease.

Intermittent IV Infusion

20 mg every 12 hours.b Higher initial dosage may be required;10 114 115 116 240 adjust to individual needs and continue as long as necessary.115 116 240 b

Prescribing Limits

Pediatric Patients

General Parenteral Dosage
Treatment of children 1–16 Years of Age
Intermittent Direct IV Injection

Maximum 40 mg daily.240

Intermittent IV Infusion

Maximum 40 mg daily.240

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Treatment of GERD in Infants <1 Year of Age
Oral

Safety and efficacy for >4 weeks not established.a

Treatment of GERD without Esophagitis in Children 1–16 Years of Age
Oral

Maximum 40 mg twice daily.a

Treatment of Esophagitis (including Erosions, Ulcerations) in Children 1- 16 Years of Age
Oral

Maximum 40 mg twice daily.a

Self-Medication For Heartburn in Adolescents ≥12 Years of Age
Oral

Maximum 20 or 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks.238 260 267 268 269

Self-medication for Prevention of Heartburn in Adolescents ≥12 Years of Age
Oral

Maximum 20 or 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks.238 260 267 268 269

Duodenal Ulcer
Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer in Children 1–16 Years of Age
Oral

Maximum 40 mg daily.1

Gastric Ulcer
Treatment of Gastric Ulcer in Children 1–16 Years of Age
Oral

Maximum 40 mg daily.1

Adults

General Parenteral Dosage
Intermittent Direct IV Injection

Maximum 40 mg daily.240

Intermittent IV Infusion

Maximum 40 mg daily.240

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Treatment of Symptomatic GERD
Oral

Safety and efficacy for >6 weeks not established.1 167 173 174

Treatment of Esophagitis
Oral

Safety and efficacy for >12 weeks not established.1 167 168 171

Self-medication for Heartburn
Oral

Maximum 20 or 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks.238 260 238 260 267 268 269

Self-medication for Prevention of Heartburn

Maximum 20 or 40 mg in 24 hours continuously for 2 weeks.238 260 267 268 269

Duodenal Ulcer
Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer
Oral

Safety for >8 weeks not established.1 4

Gastric Ulcer
Short-term Treatment of Active Benign Gastric Ulcer
Oral

Safety and efficacy for >8 weeks not established.1

Pathologic GI Hypersecretory Conditions (e.g., Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)
Oral

Up to 160 mg every 6 hours,1 or 800 mg daily in divided doses.2 3 4 10 122

Special Populations

Renal Impairment

Pediatric Patients

Consider dosage adjustment in children with moderate or severe renal impairment.1 240

Adults

In adults, modify dose and/or frequency of administration to the degree of renal impairment; adverse CNS effects have been reported.1 4 86 114

Moderate (Clcr<50 mL/minute) or Severe (Clcr< 10 mL/minute)
Oral

Decrease to 50% of usual dosage.1 114 115

Alternatively, increase dosing interval to 36–48 hours according to response.1 114 115

IV

Decrease to 50% of usual dosage.b

Alternatively, increase dosing interval to 36–48 hours according to response.b

Clcr of 30–60 mL/minute per 1.48 m2

50% of usual adult dosage has been recommended.4 86

Clcr < 30 mL/minute per 1.48 m2

25% of usual adult dosage has been recommended.4 86

Detailed Famotidine dosage information

Cautions for Famotidine

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

General Precautions

Gastric Malignancy

Response to famotidine does not preclude presence of gastric malignancy.1

Phenylketonuria

Pepcid AC chewable tablets contain aspartame (Nutrasweet), which is metabolized in the GI tract to provide 1.4 mg of phenylalanine per tablet.c

Respiratory Effects

Administration of H2-receptor antagonists has been associated with an increased risk for developing certain infections (e.g., community-acquired pneumonia).270 271

Use of Fixed Combination

When used in fixed combination with other agents, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with the concomitant agents.

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category B.1 3

Self-medication in pregnant women: consult clinician before using.238

Lactation

Distributed into milk.1 Discontinue nursing or the drug.1

Self-medication in nursing women: consult clinician before using.238

Pediatric Use

Infants <1 year of age: Consider for GERD treatment only if other conservative measures (e.g., thickened feedings) are used concurrently and potential benefits outweigh risks.a b

Safety and efficacy for self-medication not established in children <12 years of age; do not use unless directed by clinician.238 239 260

Renal Impairment

Use with caution.1 3 114 240 Dosage adjustments necessary in patients with severe renal impairment.1 3 114 240

Common Adverse Effects

Headache, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea.1 4 5 7 9 13 22 123 130

Drug Interactions

Does not appear to inhibit hepatic metabolism of drugs by hepatic CYP isoenzymes.1 3 4 21 39 40 41 42 45 46 93 114 118 125 127

Antacids appear to cause slight but clinically unimportant decrease in bioavailability.1 3 47 114 May concomitantly administer with antacids.1 4 6 7 16 18 19 47 49 94

Famotidine drug interactions (more detail)

Famotidine Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Oral: about 40–50%.1 3 4 11 46 85 114 118 Similar (50%) in children 11–15 years of age.1

Tablets and oral suspension reportedly are bioequivalent.1 2 3 114

Onset

Gastric acid inhibition within 1 hour after IV or oral administration.1 2 11 118 Peak inhibition within 0.5–3 hours following IV,1 11 114 118 1–4 hours following oral1 10 11 46 51 114 administration.

Duration

Dose-dependent inhibition of gastric acid secretion.1 4 11 46 48 60 61 62 63 65 81 118

Inhibition of basal and nocturnal secretion for 10–12 hours after single oral 20-1 2 11 61 62 63 81 or 40-mg1 2 46 61 62 dose.1 2 11 46 61 62 63 81 93 114 118

Inhibition of food-stimulated secretion generally persists for 8–10 hours after morning administration, but may dissipate within 6–8 hours after a 20-mg oral dose in some patients.1 4 81

Inhibition of nocturnal gastric acid secretion is 10–15 hours after single 10- or 20-mg IV dose.1 2 11

Food

May slightly enhance bioavailability.1 3 47 114

Distribution

Extent

Widely distributed, highest concentrations in the kidney, liver, pancreas, and submandibular gland.4 84

Distributed into human milk.a b

Does not cross the placenta in animal studies;2 not known if famotidine crosses the placenta in humans.2

Plasma Protein Binding

15–20%.1 3 4 114 118

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized in the liver115 to inactive famotidine S-oxide (S-famotidine).1 2 3 82 84 114

Minimal first-pass metabolism.1 3 114 118

Elimination Route

Excreted principally in urine;1 2 3 4 53 86 114 118 25–30% excreted unchanged within 24 hours after oral administration,1 2 3 4 65 81 83 114 65–80%1 2 3 4 85 86 114 after IV administration.1 2 3 4 83 85 86 Small fraction of orally administered dose is excreted in urine as famotidine S-oxide.4 83 Remainder of orally administered dose eliminated in feces.4

Interindividual variation in metabolism and excretion.4 83 118

Half-life

2.5–4 hours (adults).1 2 4 11 65 81 83 85 86 93 118

Special Populations

In patients with renal impairment, close correlation between Clcr and elimination half-life;a b >20 hours when Clcr <10 mL/minute,1 3 4 86 114 24 hours in anuric patients.1

Does not appear to be removed by hemodialysis.4

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets

20 and 40 mg film-coated tablets: 25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C) in tight, light-resistant containers.1 2 3 152

Tablets for Self-medication

10 mg tablets, chewable tablets, film-coated tablets: 25–30°C.238 267 268

10 mg chewable tablets in combination with calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide: 25–30°C.e

20 mg film-coated tablets: 20–30°C.d

Protect from moisture.238 267 268 d e

For Suspension

Reconstituted suspension or dry powder: 25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C) in tight containers.a

Suspension may be refrigerated;115 protect from freezing.1 2 3

Discard unused suspension after 30 days.1 2 3

Parenteral

Injection

2–8°C;1 2 expiration date of 24 months following the date of manufacture when stored at this temperature.2 3 If freezing occurs, thaw at room temperature,1 3 or in warm water bath, or under running hot tap water;115 allow sufficient time for dissolution of all ingredients.1 3 Do not thaw by microwave because of potential hazard of rapidly increased temperature and vapor pressure in a closed system. Diluted solutions of famotidine not used immediately after preparation should be refrigerated and used within 48 hours.b 115

Injection for IV infusion only

25°C.241 Protect from excessive heat; brief exposure up to 35°C will not adversely affect the stability of the solution.240 Stable for 15 months when stored as recommended.241

Actions

Advice to Patients

Additional Information

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Famotidine

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

For suspension

40 mg/5 mL

Pepcid (with parabens)

Merck

Tablets

10 mg

Pepcid AC Gelcaps

J&J-Merck

Tablets, chewable

10 mg

Pepcid AC (with aspartame)

J&J-Merck

Tablets, film-coated

10 mg

Pepcid AC

J&J-Merck

20 mg*

Pepcid

Merck

Pepcid AC Maximum Strength

J&J-Merck

40 mg

Pepcid

Merck

Parenteral

For injection, concentrate

10 mg/mL (pharmacy bulk package)

Famotidine for Injection

Bedford

For injection concentrate, for IV use

10 mg/mL

Famotidine for Injection

American Pharmaceutical Partners

Pepcid I.V. (preservative-free; in single-dose vials or with benzyl alcohol 0.9% in multiple-dose vials)

Merck
Famotidine in Sodium Chloride

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Parenteral

Injection, for IV use only

0.4 mg/mL (20 mg) in 0.9% Sodium Chloride

Pepcid Premixed in Iso-osmotic Sodium Chloride Injection (Galaxy [Baxter])

Merck
Famotidine Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, chewable

10 mg with calcium carbonate 800 mg and magnesium hydroxide 165 mg

Pepcid Complete

J&J-Merck

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2025, Selected Revisions October 10, 2024. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

1. Merck. Pepcid (famotidine) tablets, Pepcid (famotidine) for oral suspension, and Pepcid RPD (famotidine) orally disintegrating tablets prescribing information (dated 2001 Mar). In: Physicians’ desk reference. 56th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:2150-3.

2. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Pepcid product information form for American Hospital Formulary Service. West Point, PA; 1986 Oct.

3. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Pepcid product information summary. West Point, PA; 1986 Oct.

4. Campoli-Richards DM, Clissold SP. Famotidine—pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and a preliminary review of its therapeutic use in peptic ulcer disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Drugs. 1986; 32:197-221. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2875864

5. Texter EC Jr. Introduction. Famotidine: clinical applications of a new H2-receptor antagonist. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877567

6. Rohmer HG, Gugler R. Treatment of active duodenal ulcers with famotidine: a double-blind comparison with ranitidine. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):13-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877569

7. McCullough AJ. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing famotidine with ranitidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer disease. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):17-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877570

8. Texter EC Jr, Navab F, Mantell G et al. Maintenance therapy of duodenal ulcer with famotidine: a multicenter United States study. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):25-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877571

9. Lyon DT. Efficacy and safety of famotidine in the management of benign gastric ulcers. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):33-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877573

10. Vinayek R, Howard JM, Maton PN et al. Famotidine in the therapy of gastric hypersecretory states. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):49-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877575

11. Ryan JR, Vargas R, McMahon FG et al. Comparison of effects of oral and intravenous famotidine on inhibition of nocturnal gastric acid secretion. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):60-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877576

12. Miyoshi A, Muto H, Miwa T et al. Comparison of famotidine and gefarnate in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1984; 16:178-81.

13. Miyoshi A, Muto V, Mori H. Famotidine: summary of overall safety from Japanese clinical studies. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1984; 16:177-8.

14. Miyoshi A, Yachi A, Yabana T et al. [clinical evaluation of famotidine for gastric ulcer—comparison with cimetidine by double-blind method.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Naika Hokan. 1984; 31:109-27.

15. Miyoshi A, Yachi A, Yabana T et al. [Clinical evaluation of famotidine (YM-11170) for duodenal ulcer—a double-blind comparison with cimetidine.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Naika Hokan. 1984; 31:91-108.

16. Gitlin N, McCullough AJ, Smith JL et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of nocturnal and twice-a-day famotidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterology. 1987; 92:48-53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877912

17. Von Simon B, Dammann HG, Jakob G. Famotidin versus Ranitidin in der Akutbehandlung der Ulcus-duodeni-Erkrankung: eine Multizenter-Vergleichsstudie in Deutschland. (German; with English abstract.) Z Gastroenterol. 1985; 23:47-51.

18. Barbara L, Corinaldesi R, Porro GB et al. Famotidine in the management of duodenal ulcer: experience in Italy. Digestion. 1985; 32(Suppl 1):24-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866133

19. Simon B, Dammann HG, Jakob G et al. Famotidine versus ranitidine for the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. Digestion. 1985; 32(Suppl 1):32-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866134

20. Paoluzi P, Torsoli A, Porro GB et al. Famotidine (MK-208) in the treatment of gastric ulcer: results of a multicenter double-blind controlled study. Digestion. 1985; 32(Suppl 1):38-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866135

21. Muller VP, Dammann HG, Simon B. Famotidin: pharmakologisches und klinisches Profil des neuen Histamin-H2-Rezeptorantagonisten. (German; with English abstract.) Fortschr Med. 1986; 104:319-22.

22. Porro GB. Famotidine in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulceration: overview of clinical experience. Digestion. 1985; 32(Suppl 1):62-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866137

23. Berlin RG, Clineschmidt BV, Majka JA. Famotidine: an appraisal of its mode of action and safety. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):8-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877577

24. Burek JD, Majka JA, Bokelman DL. Famotidine: summary of preclinical safety assessment. Digestion. 1985; 32(Suppl 1):7-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866138

25. Fujiwara M, Odani Y, Shiobara Y. [Teratology study of famotidine (YM-11170) in rats by intravenous administration.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:831-40.

26. Shibata M, Kawano K, Shiobara Y. [Teratological study of famotidine (YM-11170) administered orally to rats.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:489-97.

27. Shibata M, Yoshinaga T, Shiobara Y. [Peri- and postnatal study of famotidine (YM-11170) administered orally to rats.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:543-9.

28. Uchida T, Fujiwara M, Odani Y et al. [Fertility and general reproductive performance study of famotidine (YM-11170) in rats by oral administration.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:551-64.

29. Uchida T, Katayama T, Odani Y et al. [Teratology study of famotidine (YM-11170) in rabbits by oral administration.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:565-71.

30. Uchida T, Odani Y, Shiobara Y. [Teratology study of famotidine (YM-11170) in rabbits by intravenous administration.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:573-8.

31. Suzuki H, Shiobara Y. [Acute toxicity of famotidine (YM-11170) in mice and rats.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:147-50.

32. Serlin MJ, Mossman S, Sibeon RG et al. Cimetidine: interaction with oral anticoagulants in man. Lancet. 1979; 2:317-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/89387

33. Kirch W, Hoensch H, Janisch HD. Interactions and non-interactions with ranitidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984; 9:493-510. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6096071

34. Powell JR, Rogers JF, Wargin WA et al. Inhibition of theophylline clearance by cimetidine but not ranitidine. Arch Intern Med. 1984; 144:484-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6322709

35. Somogyi A, Gugler R. Drug interactions with cimetidine. Clin Paharmacokinet. 1982; 7:23-41.

36. Sedman AJ. Cimetidine-drug interactions. Am J Med. 1984; 76:109-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6140847

37. Ruffalo RL, Thompson JF, Segal J. Cimetidine-benzodiazepine drug interaction. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981; 38:1365-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6116430

38. Klotz U, Reimann I. Delayed clearance of diazepam due to cimetidine. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302:1012-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6767973

39. Chremos AN, Lin JH, Yeh KC et al. Famotidine (F) does not interfere with the disposition of theophylline (T) in man: comparison to cimetidine (C). Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 39:187.

40. Locniskar A, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS et al. Interaction of diazepam with famotidine and cimetidine, two H2-receptor antagonists. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 26:299-303. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2871051

41. Imai Y, Inada M, Tamura S et al. Comparative effects of famotidine and cimetidine on 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in human livers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 22:495-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3490271

42. Klotz U, Arvela P, Rosenkranz B. Famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, does not affect hepatic elimination of diazepam or tubular secretion of procainamide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985; 28:671-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866097

43. Sambol NC, Upton RA, Chremos An et al. Influence of famotidine (Fam) and cimetidine (Cim) on the disposition of phenytoin (Phe) and indocyanine green (ICG). Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 39:225.

44. Muller P, Dammann HG, Schmidt-Gayk H et al. Famotidine (MK-208): duration of action, 24-hour intragastric acidity, antipyrine kinetics and basal hormone levels in man. Gastroenterology. 1984; 86(5 Part 2):1190.

45. Somerville KW, Kitchingman GA, Langman MJS. Effect of famotidine on oxidative drug metabolism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 30:279-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2874031

46. Chremos AN. Pharmacodynamics of famotidine in humans. Am J Med. 1986; 81(Suppl 4B):3-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2877572

47. Tupy-Visich MA, Tarzian SK, Schwartz S et al. Bioavailability of oral famotidine when administered with antacid or food. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 26:555.

48. McCallum RW, Chremos AN, Kuljian B et al. MK-208, a novel histamine H2-receptor inhibitor with prolonged antisecretory effect. Dig Dis Sci. 1985; 30:1139-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866073

49. Siepler JK, Mahakian K, Trudeau WT. Current concepts in clinical therapeutics: peptic ulcer disease. Clin Pharm. 1986; 5:128-42 (IDIS 210309) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2869852

50. Staiger C, Korodnay B, DeVries JX et al. Comparative effects of famotidine and cimetidine on antipyrine kinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1984; 18:105-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6743482

51. Howard JM, Chremos AN, Collen MJ et al. Famotidine, a new, potent, long-acting histamine H2-receptor antagonist: comparison with cimetidine and ranitidine in the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1985; 88:1026-33. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2857672

52. Harada M, Terai M, Maeno H. Effect of a new potent H2-receptor antagonist 3[[[2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]-4-thiazolyl] methyl]thio]-N 2-sulfamoylpropionamidine (YM-11170) on gastric mucosal histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from guinea pig. Biochem Pharmacol. 1983; 32:1635-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6134531

53. Opsahl JA, Abraham PA, Halstenson CE et al. Renal function after famotidine (F) administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 39:218.

54. Boyd EJS, Peden NR, Browning MCK et al. Clinical and endocrine aspects of treatment with ranitidine. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981; 16(Suppl 69):81-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6972085

55. Peden NR, Boyd EJS, Browning MCK et al. Effects of two histamine H2-receptor blocking drugs on basal levels of gonadotrophins, prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol-17β during treatment of duodenal ulcer in male patients. Acta Endocrinol (Copenhagen). 1981; 96:564-8.

56. Dammann HG, Walter TA, Mueller P et al. Effects of 800 mg cimetidine once daily on gastric acid secretion. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986; 21:25-9.

57. Tomioka K, Yamada T, Tachikawa S. Effects of famotidine (YM-11170), an H2-receptor antagonist, on in vivo. immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions and antibody formation. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1983; 9:881-9.

58. Liang T. Absence of androgen receptor affinity for MK-208, a new H-2 receptor antagonist. Clin Res. 1984; 32:283A.

59. Walt RP, LaBrooy SJ, Avgerinos A et al. Investigations on the penetration of ranitidine into the cerebrospinal fluid and a comparison of the effects of ranitidine and cimetidine on male sex hormones. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981; 16(Suppl 60):19-23.

60. Miwa M, Tani N, Miwa T. Inhibition of gastric secretion by a new H2-antagonist, YM-11170 in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984; 22:214-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6325352

61. Ryan JR, Chremos AN, Vargas R et al. Inhibition of basal, nocturnal (NAS) and meal-stimulated (MSS) gastric secretion by famotidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 39:225.

62. Ryan JR, Chremos AN, Vargas R et al. Inhibition of basal, nocturnal, and meal-stimulated gastric secretion by famotidine. Gastroenterology. 1985; 88:1564.

63. Smith JL, Gamal MA, Chremos AN et al. Famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist: effect on parietal, nonparietal, and pepsin secretion in man. Dig Dis Sci. 1985; 30:308-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2858363

64. Hayakawa A, Che K, Miyoshi A et al. Properties of famotidine in relation to safety. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1984; 16:174-6.

65. Ryan R. Clinical pharmacology of famotidine: summary of data from the United States. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1984; 16:171-4.

66. Ohe K, Miyoshi A, Yachi A et al. Clinical pharmacology of famotidine—effect of famotidine on gastric secretion. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1984; 16:169-71.

67. Savarino V, Magnolia MR, Scalabrini P et al. 24-hour intragastric acidity in duodenal ulcer patients after oral administration of a single dose of famotidine. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1986; 18:59.

68. Pendleton RG, Torchiana ML, Chung C et al. Studies on MK-208 (YM-11170) a new, slowly dissociable H2-receptor antagonist. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1983; 266:4-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6141772

69. Dammann HG, Muller P, Simon B. 24 hour intragastric acidity and single night-time dose of three H2-blockers. Lancet. 1983; 2:1078. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6138616

70. Eash J, Darkes P, Campbell H et al. A comparison of the mucoprotective and ulcer healing activity of WHR-2568, ranitidine (RAN) and famotidine (FAM) in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1986; 90:1402.

71. Muller P, Simon B, Dammann HG et al. Menschliche Sauresekretion unter taglich einmaliger Gabe von H2-Blockern. (German; with English abstract.) Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1984; 114:667-71.

72. Fiorucci S, Clausi GC, Cascetta R et al. Effects of multiple-dose schedule of H2-blockers, ranitidine and famotidine on nocturnal gastric pH: computer evaluation. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1986; 18:57.

73. Ryan JR, Vargas R, Mantell G et al. The effect of dose size, frequency and timing of famotidine (MK 208) on nocturnal and meal-stimulated gastric secretion. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984; 35:271.

74. Dammann HG, Burkhardt F, Muller P et al. Effect of intravenous famotidine and ranitidine on intragastric pH and hormone levels in critical care patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1985; 30:372.

75. Dicenta C, Cook T, Pierzchala PA. Results of a double-blind multicentric trial with a new H2-antagonist: famotidine in gastric ulcers. Gastroenterology. 1985; 88:1366.

76. Evans DF, Clark AG, Hardcastle JD. The effect of oral famotidine on 24 hour ambulatory gastric pH in normal subjects. Gastroenterology. 1985; 88:1376.

77. Savarino V, Mela GS, Scalabrini P et al. Famotidine and ranitidine control of 24 h intragastric acidity after single bedtime administration: a study using continuous pH monitoring. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 22:749-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3567023

78. Okabe S, Nobuhara Y. [Effects of famotidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on gastric secretion and gastric and duodenal lesions in rats.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1984; 27:563-9.

79. Takeda M, Takagi T, Maeno H. Kinetics of antisecretory action of a new H2-antagonist, YM-11170, in conscious dogs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1983; 91:371-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6137398

80. Takeda M, Takagi T, Yashima Y et al. Effect of a new potent H2-blocker, 3-[[[2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]-4-thiazolyl] methyl]thio]-N 2-sulfamoyl propionamidine (YM-11170), on gastric secretion, ulcer formation and weight of male accessory sex organs in rats. Arzneimittelforschung. 1982; 32:734-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6127086

81. Smith JL. Clinical pharmacology of famotidine. Digestion. 1985; 32:15-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866132

82. Constanzer ML, Hessey GL III, Bayne WF. Analytical method for the quantification of famotidine, an H2-receptor blocker, in plasma and urine. J Chromatogr. 1985; 338:438-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2860117

83. Hucker HB, Hutt JE, Chremos AN et al. Disposition and metabolism of famotidine, a potent H2-receptor blocker, in man. Fed Proc. 1984; 43:655.

84. Kawai R, Imasaki H, Kawamura S. [Metabolic fate of famotidine (YM-11170), a new potent H2-receptor antagonist:(1) absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in rats.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1983; 26:927-33.

85. Kawai R, Yamada S, Kawamura S et al. [Metabolic fate of famotidine (YM-11170), a new potent H2-receptor antagonist:(2) absorption and excretion in dogs and humans.] (Japanese; with English abstract.) Oyo Yakuri. 1984; 27:73-7.

86. Takabatake T, Ohta H, Maekawa M et al. Pharmacokinetics of famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1985; 28:327-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2861096

87. Greene DS, Szego PL, Anslow JA et al. The effect of age on ranitidine pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986; 39:300-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3948468

88. Dicenta C, Cook T, Pierzchala PA. Results of a double-blind multicentric trial with a new H2-antagonist: famotidine in the maintenance treatment of patients with a recently-healed duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology. 1985; 88:1366.

89. Dammann HG, Walter TA, Hentschel E et al. Famotidine: nocturnal administration for gastric ulcer healing. Digestion. 1985; 32(Suppl 1):45-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3905468

90. Friedl W, Krier C, Dammann HG et al. I.v. Famotidin versus i.v. Ranitidin: intragastrales pH-Verhalten bei chirurgischen Intensivpatienten. Z Gastroenterol. 1985; 23:603-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2868579

91. Hetzel DJ, Shearman DJC, Korman MG et al. Famotidine (MK 208) in the treatment of duodenal ulcer (DU). Short term multicentre studies and a maintenance trial. Aust N Z J Med. 1985; 15(Suppl 2):547.

92. Dicenta C, Cook T, Pierzchala PA. Results of a double-blind multicentric trial with a new H2-antagonist: famotidine in duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology. 1985; 88:1365.

93. Lewis JH. Summary of the 30th meeting of the Food and Drug Administration Gastrointestinal Drugs Advisory Committee. January 16-17, 1986. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986; 81:495-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3518411

94. Dickinson RJ, Royston CMS, Sutton DR. A comparison of famotidine and ranitidine in an elderly population: a multicentre study. Postgrad Med J. 1986; 62(Suppl 2):63-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3797366

95. Shungu DL, Nalin DR, Gilman RH et al. Comparative susceptibilities of Campylobacter pylori to norfloxacin and other agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987; 31:949-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3619429

96. Strum WB. Prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 105:757-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2876669

97. Jensen RT, Collen MJ, Pandol SJ et al. Cimetidine-induced impotence and breast changes in patients with gastric hypersecretory states. N Engl J Med. 1983; 308:883-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6835285

98. Freston JW. Cimetidine. II. Adverse reactions and patterns of use. Ann Intern Med. 1982; 97:728-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6753681

99. Penston J, Wormsley KG. Adverse reactions and interactions with H2-receptor antagonists. Med Toxicol. 1986; 1:192-216. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2878343

100. Vigersky RA, Mehlman I, Glass AR et al. Treatment of hirsute women with cimetidine: a preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 1980; 303:1042. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7421891

101. Dubb JW, State RM, Familiar RG et al. Effect of cimetidine in renal function in normal man. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978; 24:76-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/657722

102. Larsson R, Bodemar G, Kagedel B. The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal function. Acta Med Scand. 1979; 205:87-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/104553

103. Miller JP, Faragher EB. Relapse of duodenal ulcer: does it matter which drug is used in initial treatment? Br Med J. 1986; 293:1117-8. Editorial.

104. Sontag S, Graham DY, Belsito A et al. Cimetidine, cigarette smoking, and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311:689-93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6382004

105. Boyd EJS, Wilson JA, Wormsley KG. Smoking impairs therapeutic gastric inhibition. Lancet. 1983; 1:95-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6129458

106. McCarthy DM. Smoking and ulcers—time to quit. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311:726-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6472358

107. Drumm B, Sherman P, Cutz E et al. Association of Campylobacter pylori on the gastric mucosa with antral gastritis in children. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316:1557-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3587289

108. Hornick RB. Peptic ulcer disease: a bacterial infection? N Engl J Med. 1987; 316:1598-1600. Editorial.

109. Penston J, Wormsley KG. H2-receptor antagonists and gastric cancer. Med Toxicol. 1986; 1:163-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2878342

110. Colin-Jones DG, Langman MJS, Lawson DH et al. Postmarketing surveillance of the safety of cimetidine: mortality during second, third, and fourth years of follow up. BMJ. 1985; 291:1084-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3931805

111. Porter JB, Janeway CM, Hunter JR et al. Absence of a causal relationship between cimetidine and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 1984; 87:987-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6468887

112. DiMario F, Farinati F, Cardin F. The risk of gastric dysplasia in medical long-term treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985; 111(Suppl):111:31-5.

113. Langman MJS. Antisecretory drugs and gastric cancer. BMJ. 1985; 290:1850-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2860944

114. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Pepcid product monograph. West Point, PA; 1987 July.

115. Dal Pino AE (Merck Sharp & Dohme, West Point, PA): Personal communication; 1987 Nov 18.

116. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations): 1987 Sept.

117. Tupy-Visich MA, Redinger R, Antonello OM et al. Effect of famotidine on gastric emptying time and pancreatic exocrine function. J Clin Pharmacol. 1986; 26:548.

118. Chremos AN. Clinical pharmacology of famotidine: a summary. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987; 9(Suppl 2):7-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2887616

119. Testa R, Grasso A, Dagnino F et al. Famotidine does not affect indocyanine green disposition and serum bile acid levels in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987; 23:779-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2886146

120. Rathbone BJ, Wyatt JI, Heatley RV et al. Campylobacter pylori and peptic ulcer. Lancet. 1987; 2:398.

121. Blaser MJ. Gastric Campylobacter-like organisms, gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology. 1987; 93:371-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3297911

122. Wolfe MM, Jensen RT. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: current concepts in diagnosis and management. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317:1200-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3309661

123. Saigenji K, Fukutomi H, Nakazawa S. Famotidine: postmarketing clinical experience. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):34-40.

124. Ohnishi K, Saito M, Nomura F et al. Effect of famotidine on hepatic hemodynamics and peptic ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987; 82:415-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2883883

125. Humphries TJ. Famotidine: a notable lack of drug interactions. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):55-60.

126. Piersimoni F, Del Prete U, Jezequel AM et al. The effect of famotidine, a new H2 receptor antagonist, on antipyrine clearance in healthy volunteers. Pharm Res Commun. 1987; 19:183-90.

127. Pasanen M, Arvela P, Pelkonen O et al. Effect of five structurally diverse H2-receptor antagonists on drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986; 35:4457-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2878667

128. Merki H, Witzel L, Langman M et al. Continuous infusion of famotidine maintains high gastric pH in duodenal ulcer (DU). Gastroenterology. 1987; 92:1531.

129. Gitlin N. Famotidine once-a-day in the management of duodenal ulcer: the U.S. placebo-controlled experience. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987; 9(Suppl 2):13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3624832

130. Porro GB, Dicenta C, Cook T et al. Review of an extensive worldwide study of a new H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, as compared to ranitidine in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987; 9(Suppl 2):14-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2887613

131. Simon B, Müller P, Dammann HG. Famotidine once-a-day in the therapy of acute, benign gastric ulcer: a world-wide experience. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987; 9(Suppl 2):19-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2887614

132. Howard JM, Vinayek R, Maton PN et al. Famotidine: effective treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987; 9(Suppl 2):23-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2887615

133. Pounder RE. Concluding remarks. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1987; 9(Suppl 2):26-7.

134. Texter Jr EC. Ulcer pain mechanisms: the clinical features of active peptic ulcer disease and implication for therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):1-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3551046

135. Dobrilla G, DePretis G, Piazzi L et al. Comparison of once-daily bedtime administration of famotidine and ranitidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcers: a multicenter, double-blind, controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):21-8.

136. Dammann HG, Walter TA, Hentschel E et al. Famotidine: proven once-a-day treatment for gastric ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):29-33. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3563409

137. Aoki T. Clinical benefits of intravenously administered famotidine in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by peptic ulcer and stress ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):41-5.

138. Miwa T, Miyoshi A. Famotidine in the treatment of gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):46-50.

139. Sekiguchi T, Nishioka T, Kogure M et al. Once-daily administration of famotidine for reflux esophagitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):51-4.

140. Anon. Discussion. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 22(Suppl 134):61-2.

141. Wolfe MM, Jensen RT. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: current concepts in diagnosis and management. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317:1200-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3309661

142. Glaxo Inc. Zantac 150 and 300 tablets prescribing information. Research Triangle Park, NC; 1986 Jun.

143. Richter JE. Treatment of severe reflux esophagitis. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:588-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2869728

144. Lieberman DA, Keeffe EB. Treatment of severe esophagitis with cimetidine and metoclopramide. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:21-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3940501

145. Wesdorp ICE, Dekker W, Klinkenberg-Knol EC. Treatment of reflux oesophagitis with ranitidine. Gut. 1983; 24:921-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6311693

146. Castell DO. Medical therapy for reflux esophagitis: 1986 and beyond. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:122-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3940482

147. Johansson KE, Tibbling L. Maintenance treatment with ranitidine compared with fundoplication in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986; 21:779-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3535005

148. Johansson KE, Boeryd B, Johansson K et al. Double-blind crossover study of ranitidine and placebo in gastro-oesphageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986; 21:769-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3535004

149. Lewis JH. Summary of the Gastrointestinal Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting—March 21 and 22, 1985. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985; 80:581-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3893097

150. Kirch W, Halabl H, Ohnhaus EE. Negative inotropic effects of famotidine. Lancet. 1987; 2:684-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2887963

151. Tanner LA, Arrowsmith JB. Bradycardia and H2 antagonists. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 109:434-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3408059

152. The United States pharmacopeia, 22nd rev, and The national formulary, 17th ed. Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc; 1989:559-60.

153. Richter JE. Treatment of severe reflux esophagitis. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:588-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2869728

154. Lieberman DA, Keeffe EB. Treatment of severe esophagitis with cimetidine and metoclopramide. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:21-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3940501

155. Wesdorp ICE, Dekker W, Klinkenberg-Knol EC. Treatment of reflux oesophagitis with ranitidine. Gut. 1983; 24:921-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6311693

156. Behar J, Brand DL, Brown FC et al. Cimetidine in the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: a double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1978; 74(2 Part 2):441-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/340333

157. Wesdorp E, Bartelsman J, Pape K et al. Oral cimetidine in reflux esophagitis: a double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1978; 74(5 Part 1):821-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/346430

158. Fiasse R, Hanin C, Lepot A et al. Controlled trial of cimetidine in reflux esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1980; 25:750-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7000475

159. Castell DO. Medical therapy for reflux esophagitis: 1986 and beyond. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 104:112-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2866742

160. Temple JG, Bradby GV, O’Connor FO et al. Cimetidine and metoclopramide in oesophageal reflux disease. BMJ. 1983; 286:1863-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6407606

161. Johansson KE, Tibbling L. Maintenance treatment with ranitidine compared with fundoplication in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986; 21:779-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3535005

162. Johansson KE, Boeryd B, Johansson K et al. Double-blind crossover study of ranitidine and placebo in gastro-oesphageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986; 21:769-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3535004

163. Lewis JH. Summary of the Gastrointestinal Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting—March 21 and 22, 1985. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985; 80:581-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3893097

164. Richter JE, A critical review of current medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986; 8(Suppl 1):72-80.

165. Mahachai V, Walker K, Thomson AB et al. Comparison of cimetidine and ranitidine on 24-hour intragastric acidity and serum gastrin profile in patients with esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1985; 30:21-8.

166. Sontag S, Robinson M, McCallum RW et al. Ranitidine therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: results of a large double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med. 1987; 147:1485-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3307670

167. Sabesin SM, Berlin RG, Humphries TJ et al. Famotidine relieves symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and heals erosions and ulcerations. Arch Intern Med. 1991; 151:2394-400. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1746996

168. Fennerty MB, Sampliner RE. Medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: not all treatments are equal! Arch Intern Med. 1991; 151:2365-6. Editorial.

169. Sekiguchi T, Nishioka T, Matsuzaki T et al. Comparative efficacy of acid reflux inhibition by drug therapy in reflux esophagitis. Gasteroenterology. 1991; 26:137-44.

170. Fiorucci S, Santucci L, Perrone E et al. Gastric and esophageal acidity during continuous treatment with H2-antagonists in uncomplicated esophagitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1989; 24:671-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2573143

171. Bianchi Porro G, Pace F, Sangaletti O. Pattern of acid reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis ″resistant’ to H2-receptor antagonists. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990; 25:810-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1976270

172. Wesdorp IC. Famotidine in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Hepatogastroenterology. 1992; 39(Suppl 1):24-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1577391

173. Robinsen M, Decktor DL, Stone RC et al. Famotidine (20 mg) b.d. relieves gastrooesophageal reflux symptoms in patients without erosive oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1991; 5:631-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1782306

174. Orr WC, Robinson MG, Humphries TJ et al. Dose-response effect of famotidine on patterns of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1988; 2:229-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2979247

175. Sontag SJ. The medical management of reflux eophagitis: role of antacids and acid inhibition. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1990; 19:683-712. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1977703

176. Miyake S, Yamada M, Iwamoto H et al. Effect of a new H2-blocker, famotidine, in reflux esophagitis among severely handicapped children. Clin Ther. 1987; 9:548-58. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2889529

177. Saigenji K, Fukutomi H, Nakazawa S. Famotidine: postmarketing clinical experience. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987; 134(Suppl):34-40.

178. Humphries TJ, Root JK, Hufnagel K. Successful drug-specific chronotherapy with the H2 blocker famotidine in the symptomatic relief of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1991; 618:517. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2006804

179. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Prilosec (omeprazole) prescribing information. West Point, PA; 1992 Jan.

180. Ateshkadi A, Lam NP, Johnson CA. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Clin Pharm. 1993; 12:34-48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8428432

181. Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori: its role in disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 15:386-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1520782

182. Murray DM, DuPont HL, Cooperstock M et al. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease associated with infection by Helicobacter pylori . Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 15(Suppl 1):S268-73.

183. Peterson WL. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324:1043-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2005942

184. Graham DY, Go MF. Evaluation of new antiinfective drugs for Helicobacter pylori infection: revisited and updated. Clin Infect Dis. 1993; 17:293-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8399892

185. Murray DM, DuPont HL. Evaluation of new antiinfective drugs for Helicobacter pylori infection: revisited and updated. Clin Infect Dis. 1993; 17:294-5.

186. George LL, Borody TJ, Andrews P et al. Cure of duodenal ulcer after eradication of H. pylori . Med J Aust. 1990; 153:145-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1974027

187. Farrell MK. Dr. Apley meets Helicobacter pylori . J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993; 16:118-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8450375

188. Fiocca R, Solcia E, Santoro B. Duodenal ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori . Lancet. 1991; 337:1614. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1675746

189. Marshall BJ. Campylobacter pylori: Its link to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1990; 12(Suppl 1):S87-93.

190. Marshall BJ. Treatment strategies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993; 22:183-98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8449566

191. Glassman MS. Helicobacter pylori infection in children. A clinical overview. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1992; 31:481-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1643767

192. Bianchi Porro G, Parente F, Lazzaroni M. Short and long term outcome of Helicobacter pylori positive resistant duodenal ulcers treated with colloidal bismuth subcitrate plus antibiotics or sucralfate alone. Gut. 1993; 34:466-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8491391

193. Borody T, Andrews P, Mancuso N et al. Helicobacter pylori reinfection 4 years post-eradication. Lancet. 1992;339:1295.

194. Hixson LJ, Kelley CL, Jones WN et al. Current trends in the pharmacotherapy for peptic ulcer disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152:726-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1558429

195. Rauws EAJ, Tytgat GNJ. Cure of duodenal ulcer with eradication of Helicobacter pylori . Lancet. 1990; 335:1233-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1971318

196. Graham DY, Lew GM, Evans DG et al. Effect of triple therapy (antibiotics plus bismuth) on duodenal ulcer healing. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115:266-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1854110

197. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations); 1993 Oct 26.

198. Chiba N, Rao BV, Rademaker JW et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in eradicating Helicobacter pylori . Am J Gastroenterol. 1992; 87:1716-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1449132

199. Hentschel E, Brandstätter G, Dragosics B et al. Effect of ranitidine and amoxicillin plus metronidazole on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the recurrence of duodenal ulcer. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328:308-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8419816

200. Sloane R, Cohen H. Common-sense management of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease. Personal views. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993; 22:199-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8449567

201. Katelaris P. Eradicating Helicobacter pylori . Lancet. 1992; 339:54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1345965

202. Burette A, Glupczynski Y. On: The who’s and when’s of therapy for Helicobacter pylori. 1991; 86:924-5. Letter.

203. Bell GD, Powell K, Burridge SM et al. Experience with ″triple’ anti- Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: side effects and the importance of testing the pre-treatment bacterial isolate for metronidazole resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1992; 6:427-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1420735

204. Ateshkadi A, Lam NP, Johnson CA. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Clin Pharm. 1993; 12:34-48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8428432

205. Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori: its role in disease. Clin Infect. 1992; 15:386-91.

206. Marshall BJ. Treatment strategies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993; 22:183-98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8449566

207. Bayerdorffer E, Mannes GA, Sommer A et al. Long-term follow-up after eradication of Helicobacter pylori with a combination of omeprazole and amoxycillin. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993; 196:19-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8341987

208. Unge P, Ekstrom P. Effects of combination therapy with omeprazole and an antibiotic on H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993; 196:17-8.

209. Hunt RH. Hp and pH: implications for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993; 196:12-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8341986

210. Malfertheiner P. Compliance, adverse events and antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993; 196:34-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8341989

211. Bell GD, Powell U. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and its effect in peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1993; 196:7-11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8341990

212. Farrell MK. Dr. Apley meets Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993; 16:118-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8450375

213. Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1132-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1891021

214. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1127-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1891020

215. An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. The EUROGAST Study Group. Lancet. 1993; 341:1359-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8098787

216. Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Weaver A et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991; 83:1734-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1770552

217. Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F et al. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ. 1991; 302:1302-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2059685

218. Forman D. Helicobacter pylori infection: a novel risk factor in the etiology of gastric cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991; 83:1702-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1770545

219. Parsonnet J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993; 22:89-104. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8449573

220. Correa P. Is gastric carcinoma an infectious disease? N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:1170-1.

221. Isaacson PG, Spencer J. Is gastric lymphoma an infectious disease? Hum Pathol. 1993; 24:569-70.

222. Rauws EAJ, Tytgat GNJ. Cure of duodenal ulcer with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1990; 335:1233-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1971318

223. Hunt RH. pH and Hp—gastric acid secretion and Helicobacter pylori: implications for ulcer healing and eradication of the organism. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993; 88:481-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8470623

224. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations) on Helicobacter pylori.

225. Marshall BJ. Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89(Suppl):S116-28.

226. Labenz J, Gyenes E, Rühl GH et al. Amoxicillin plus omeprazole versus triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease: a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Gut. 1993; 34:1167-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8406147

227. Anon. Drugs for treatment of peptic ulcers. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1994; 36:65-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7912812

228. Freston JW. Emerging strategies for managing peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1994; 201:49-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8047824

229. Axon ATR. The role of acid inhibition in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1994; 201:16-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8047818

230. Labenz J, Rühl GH, Bertrams J et al. Medium- or high-dose omeprazole plus amoxicillin eradicates Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:726-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8172146

231. Labenz J, Borsch G. Evidence for the essential role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer disease. Gut. 1994; 35:19-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8307443

232. NIH Consensus Development Panel on. Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer Disease. JAMA. 1994; 272:65-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8007082

233. Fennerty MB. Helicobacter pylori. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 154:721-7.

234. Adamek RJ, Wegener M, J et al. Medium-term results of oral and intravenous omeprazole/amoxicillin Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:39-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8273795

235. Peura DA, Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori: consensus reached: peptic ulcer is on the way to becoming an historic disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:1137-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8053422

236. Cotton P. NIH consensus panel urges antimicrobials for ulcer patients, skeptics concur with caveats. JAMA. 1994; 271:808-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8114221

237. Feldman M. The acid test. Making clinical sense of the consensus conference on Helicobacter pylori . JAMA. 1994; 272:70-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8007084

238. J&J-Merck. Pepcid AC (famotidine) tablets, chewable tablets, and gelcaps. In: Physicians’ desk reference. 56th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2002:1814-5.

239. J&J-Merck, Fort Washington, PA: Personal communication.

240. Merck. Pepcid (famotidine) injection premixed and Pepcid (famotidine) injection prescribing information (dated 2001 Mar). In: Physicians’ desk reference. 56th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:2153-5..

241. Carroll JM, Merck. Dear Pharmacist letter regarding Pepcid (famotidine) injection premixed. 1994 Apr 22.

242. Markham A, McTavish D. Clarithromycin and omeprazole: as Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with H. pylori-associated gastric disorders. Drugs. 1996; 51:161-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8741237

243. Soll AH. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease. JAMA. 1996; 275:622-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8594244

244. Labenz J, Börsch G. Highly significant change of the clinical course of relapsing and complicated peptic ulcer disease after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:1785-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7942667

245. Wang WM, Chen CY, Jan CM et al. Long-term follow-up and serological study after triple therapy of Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:1793-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7942669

246. Walsh JH, Peterson WL. The treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the management of peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333:984-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7666920

247. Hackelsberger A, Malfertheiner P. A risk-benefit assessment of drugs used in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Drug Saf. 1996; 15:30-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8862962

248. Rauws EAJ, van der Hulst RWM. Current guidelines for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Drugs. 1995; 6:984-90.

249. van der Hulst RWM, Keller JJ, Rauws EAJ et al. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of the world literature. Helicobacter. 1996; 1:6-19. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9398908

250. Lind T, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Unge P et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori using one-week triple therapies combining omeprazole with two antimicrobials: the MACH I study. Helicobacter. 1996; 1:138-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9398894

251. Anon. The choice of antibacterial drugs. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1996; 38:25-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8598824

252. Fennerty MB. Practice guidelines for treatment of peptic ulcer disease. JAMA. 1996; 276:1135. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8827957

253. Soll AH. Practice guidelines for treatment of peptic ulcer disease. JAMA. 1996; 276:1136-7.

254. Fennerty MB. Helicobacter pylori. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 154:721-7.

255. Langtry HD, Wilde MI. Lansoprazole: an update of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in the management of acid-related disorders. Drugs. 1997; 54:473-500. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9279507

256. TAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Prevacid (lansoprazole) delayed-release capsules prescribing information. Deerfield, IL; 1997 Aug.

257. Garnett RG. Lansoprazole: a proton pump inhibitor. Ann Pharmacother. 1996; 30:1425. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8968456

258. Zimmerman AE, Katona BG. Lansoprazole: a comprehensive review. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17:308-26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9085323

259. Hatlebakk JG, Nesje LB, Hausken T et al. Lansoprazole capsules and amoxicillin oral suspension in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995; 11:1053-7.

260. J&J-Merck. Pepcid Complete product information. In: Physicians’ desk reference. 56th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:1814-5.

261. DeVault KR, Castell DO, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94:1434-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10364004

262. Ganzani L, Casey DE, Hofman WF et al. The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153:1469-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8512437

263. Rex DK. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. J Fam Pract. 1992; 35:673-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1453152

264. Hixson LJ, Kelley CL, Jones WN et al. Current trends in the pharmacotherapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152:717-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1558428

265. Euler AR, Murdock RH, Wilson TH et al. Ranitidine is effective therapy for erosive esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993; 88:520-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8470632

266. Antonson CW, Robinson MG, Hawkins TM et al. High doses of histamine antagonists do not prevent relapses of peptic esophagitis following therapy with a proton pump inhibitor. Gastroenterology. 1990; 98:A16.

267. Food and Drug Administration. Pepcid AC (famotidine) tablets label posted 9/30/03. Rockville, MD. From FDA web site http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/20325se2-015_pepcid_lbl.pdf

268. J&J-Merck. Maximum Strength Pepcid AC product information. From Pepcid AC Website. 2003 Dec 4. http://www.pepcidac.com/page.jhtml?id=pepcid/relief/relief_3.inc

269. J&J-Merck. Pepcid AC product information. From Pepcid AC Website. 2003 Dec 4. http://www.pepcidac.com/page.jhtml?id=pepcid/relief/relief_4.inc

270. Laheij RJF, Sturkenboom MCJM, Hassing RJ et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292:1955-60.

271. Gregor JC. Acid suppression and pneumonia.; a clinical indication for rational prescribing. JAMA. 2004;292:2012-3. Editorial.

272. Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2726; 275:134-41.

HID. Trissel LA. Handbook on injectable drugs. 14th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2007:662-9.

a. Merck. Pepcid (famotidine) tablets and for oral suspension prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, NJ; 2002 Jun.

b. Merck. Pepcid (famotidine) injection premixed and injection prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, NJ; 2002 Jun.

c. J&J-Merck. Pepcid AC product information. From Pepcid AC Website. 2004 Mar 1. http://www.pepcidac.com/page.jhtml?id=pepcid/relief/relief_4.inc

d. J&J-Merck. Pepcid AC Maximum Strength product information. From Pepcid AC Website. 2004 Mar 1. http://www.pepcidac.com/page.jhtml?id=pepcid/relief/relief_3.inc

e. J&J-Merck. Pepcid Complete product information. From Pepcid AC Website. 2004 Mar 1. http://www.pepcidac.com/page.jhtml?id=pepcid/relief/relief_2.inc

Frequently asked questions

View more FAQ

Medical Disclaimer