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Glimepiride (Monograph)

Brand name: Amaryl
Drug class: Sulfonylureas
VA class: HS502
Molecular formula: C24H34N4O5S
CAS number: 93479-97-1

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jun 12, 2023. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Antidiabetic agent; sulfonylurea.1 53

Uses for Glimepiride

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Used alone or in combination with one or more other oral antidiabetic agents or insulin as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.1 5 54 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 117

Used in fixed combination with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are already receiving a thiazolidinedione and a sulfonylurea separately or who do not achieve adequate glycemic control with thiazolidinedione or sulfonylurea monotherapy.117

Current guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus generally recommend metformin as first-line therapy in addition to lifestyle modifications in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus or mild hyperglycemia because of its well-established safety and efficacy (i.e., beneficial effects on glycosylated hemoglobin [hemoglobin A1c; HbA1c], weight, and cardiovascular mortality).698 704 705

In patients with metformin contraindications or intolerance (e.g., risk of lactic acidosis, GI intolerance) or in selected other patients, some experts suggest that initial therapy with a drug from another class of antidiabetic agents (e.g., a glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] receptor agonist, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 [SGLT2] inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitor, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, basal insulin) may be acceptable based on patient factors.698 704

May need to initiate therapy with 2 agents (e.g., metformin plus another drug) in patients with high initial HbA1c (>7.5% or ≥1.5% above target).698 704 In such patients with metformin intolerance, some experts suggest initiation of therapy with 2 drugs from other antidiabetic drug classes with complementary mechanisms of action.698 704

Consider early initiation of combination therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus to extend the time to treatment failure and more rapidly attain glycemic goals.704

For patients with inadequate glycemic control on metformin monotherapy, consider patient comorbidities (e.g., atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD], established kidney disease, heart failure), hypoglycemia risk, impact on weight, cost, risk of adverse effects, and patient preferences when selecting additional antidiabetic agents for combination therapy.698 699 704 705 706

Consider early introduction of insulin for severe hyperglycemia (e.g., blood glucose ≥300 mg/dL or HbA1c >9–10%), especially if accompanied by catabolic manifestations (e.g., weight loss, hypertriglyceridemia, ketosis) or symptoms of hyperglycemia.698 704

Glimepiride Dosage and Administration

General

Oral Administration

Administer glimepiride alone or in fixed combination with pioglitazone once daily with the first main meal.1 5 6 117

Dosage

Adults

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Glimepiride Monotherapy
Oral

Initially, 1 or 2 mg of glimepiride once daily for previously untreated patients or patients transferred from other antidiabetic agents.1 In patients receiving 1 mg daily, increase dosage to 2 mg daily after 1–2 weeks if adequate glycemic control has not been achieved.53 Increase dosage in increments of no more than 2 mg daily at 1- to 2-week intervals up to a maximum of 8 mg once daily.1 Usual maintenance dosage is 1–4 mg once daily.1 53

Maximum initial dosage should not exceed 2 mg once daily.1

Glimepiride/Pioglitazone Fixed-combination Therapy
Oral

Select initial dosage based on patient’s current dosage of glimepiride (or another sulfonylurea agent) and/or pioglitazone.117

Patients currently receiving glimepiride monotherapy: Usual initial dosage is 2 or 4 mg of glimepiride and 30 mg of pioglitazone once daily.117

Patients transferring from monotherapy with other sulfonylureas: Initially, 2 mg of glimepiride and 30 mg of pioglitazone once daily.117 If patient is being transferred from a sulfonylurea with a long half-life (e.g., chlorpropamide [no longer commercially available in the US]), monitor closely for hypoglycemia during initial 1–2 weeks of the transition period.117

Patients currently receiving pioglitazone monotherapy: Usual initial dosage is 2 mg of glimepiride and 30 mg of pioglitazone once daily.117

Patients switching from concurrent therapy with separate glimepiride and pioglitazone preparations: Initiate fixed combination with 2 or 4 mg of glimepiride and 30 mg of pioglitazone once daily based on patient’s current dosage of glimepiride and pioglitazone.117 While switching therapy, carefully monitor patients whose hyperglycemia was not previously controlled with 15 mg of pioglitazone in combination with glimepiride.117

Gradually titrate dosage as needed based on therapeutic response.117 Allow sufficient time (e.g., 8–12 weeks) to assess response.117 If additional glycemic control is needed, may increase dosage until maximum daily dosage of 8 mg of glimepiride and 45 mg of pioglitazone is reached.117

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and systolic dysfunction: Initiate glimepiride/pioglitazone fixed-combination at the lowest recommended dosage; use fixed-combination preparation only after patient has received pioglitazone 15 mg once daily as monotherapy and has safely tolerated dosage titration to 30 mg once daily.117 If subsequent dosage adjustment required, closely monitor for weight gain, edema, or other manifestations of CHF exacerbation.117

Concomitant Glimepiride and Insulin Therapy
Oral

Initially, manufacturer recommends 8 mg of glimepiride once daily and a low insulin dosage in patients whose fasting plasma or serum glucose concentration exceeds 150 mg/dL despite appropriate oral antidiabetic monotherapy, diet, and exercise.1

Adjust insulin dosage upward at approximately weekly intervals until adequate glycemic control is achieved.1 53 Periodic adjustments in insulin dosage may be necessary during continued combination therapy.1

Switching Therapy from Other Sulfonylurea Agents
Oral

Initially, 1–2 mg of glimepiride once daily.1 1 2 May discontinue other sulfonylurea agents immediately.1 2 3 96 When switching therapy from chlorpropamide (a sulfonylurea with a long elimination half-life; no longer commercially available in the US), monitor closely for hypoglycemia during the initial 1–2 weeks of the transition period.1

The initial dosage of glimepiride during the switch from other therapy should not exceed 2 mg daily.1

Prescribing Limits

Adults

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Oral

Glimepiride monotherapy: Maximum 8 mg daily.1

Fixed combination with pioglitazone: Maximum 8 mg of glimepiride and 45 mg of pioglitazone daily.117

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Glimepiride monotherapy: Initially, 1 mg once daily.1 Conservative initial and maintenance dosages recommended.1

Renal Impairment

Glimepiride monotherapy: Initially, 1 mg once daily.1 Titrate dosage upward based on fasting glucose concentrations.1 Dosages >1 mg daily may not be required if Clcr <22 mL/minute.1 8

Geriatric Patients

Geriatric individuals may be particularly sensitive to the hypoglycemic effects of glimepiride.1

Glimepiride monotherapy: Initially, 1 mg once daily.1 Titrate dosage upward with care.1 Conservative initial and maintenance dosages recommended.1 53

Debilitated or Malnourished Patients

These individuals may be particularly sensitive to the hypoglycemic effects of glimepiride.1

Glimepiride monotherapy: Initially, 1 mg once daily.1 Conservative initial and maintenance dosages recommended.1

Detailed Glimepiride dosage information

Cautions for Glimepiride

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Cardiovascular Effects

Increased cardiovascular mortality reported with certain other antidiabetic agents (i.e., tolbutamide, phenformin).1 99 However, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) considers the benefits of intensive glycemic control with insulin or sulfonylureas to outweigh the risks overall.31 58 64 99

General Precautions

Hypoglycemia

Possible severe hypoglycemia, especially in geriatric, debilitated, or malnourished patients and those with adrenal, pituitary, hepatic, or renal insufficiency.1 Increased risk of hypoglycemia with strenuous exercise, alcohol ingestion, insufficient caloric intake, or use in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents (e.g., rosiglitazone, metformin).1

Hypoglycemia may be difficult to recognize in geriatric patients and in those receiving β-adrenergic blocking agents.1

Appropriate patient selection and careful dosing are important to avoid glimepiride-induced hypoglycemia.1

Loss of Glycemic Control

Possible loss of glycemic control during periods of stress (e.g., fever, trauma, infection, surgery); administration of insulin may be required.1

Efficacy of therapy may decrease over time (secondary failure).1 Addition of metformin or insulin to therapy may be required.1 54 (See Diabetes Mellitus under Uses.)

Use of Fixed Combinations

When used in fixed combination with pioglitazone or other drugs, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with pioglitazone or other concomitant agent(s).117

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.1

Many experts recommend use of insulin during pregnancy to maintain optimum control of blood glucose concentrations.1

Lactation

Distributed into milk in rats; other sulfonylureas distributed into human milk.1 Use not recommended.1 If oral antidiabetic therapy discontinued and diet alone is inadequate for optimal glycemic control, consider institution of insulin.1

Pediatric Use

Glimepiride: Safety and efficacy not established in children <16 years of age.1 53

Fixed combination with pioglitazone: Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients.117

ADA states that use of oral antidiabetic agents may be considered in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus because of the greater compliance and convenience and lack of evidence demonstrating better efficacy of insulin for type 2 diabetes mellitus.93

Geriatric Use

No substantial differences in safety, efficacy, or pharmacokinetics relative to younger adults, but increased sensitivity cannot be ruled out.1

Possible increased risk of adverse effects due to age-related decreases in renal function.1 Renal function monitoring recommended, and care should be taken in dosage selection.1 (See Geriatric Patients under Dosage and Administration.)

Increased risk of hypoglycemia; may be difficult to recognize in geriatric patients.1

Hepatic Impairment

Increased risk of hypoglycemia; conservative dosing recommended.1 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Renal Impairment

Decreased clearance.1

Increased risk of hypoglycemia; conservative dosing recommended.1 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Common Adverse Effects

Dizziness, asthenia, headache, nausea.1

Drug Interactions

Metabolized by CYP2C9.1

Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Pharmacokinetic interactions likely with drugs that are inhibitors and inducers of CYP2C9; possible alteration in metabolism of glimepiride.1

Protein-bound Drugs

Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (increased hypoglycemic effect).1 (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)

Close observation recommended when initiating or discontinuing concomitant therapy with a highly protein-bound drug.1

Drugs with Hyperglycemic Effects

Potential pharmacologic interaction (loss of glycemic control).1

Close observation recommended when initiating or discontinuing concomitant therapy.1

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

ACE inhibitors (e.g., ramipril)

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Antifungals, oral (i.e., miconazole)

Increased hypoglycemic effect; severe hypoglycemia reported1

Not known whether interaction occurs with IV, topical, or vaginal antifungal dosage forms1

β-Adrenergic blocking agents (e.g., propranolol)

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

Increased peak plasma concentrations and half-life and decreased clearance of glimepiride with concomitant propranolol1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Calcium-channel blockers

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Chloramphenicol

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

Corticosteroids

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

Coumarin anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

No change in warfarin protein binding with concomitant administration but slight decrease in pharmacodynamic response1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

No clinically important pharmacokinetic interaction with warfarin reported1

Diuretics (e.g., thiazides)

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

Estrogens

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Fluconazole

Increased AUC and half-life of glimepiride143

Concomitant use may increase the risk of hypoglycemia143

H2-receptor antagonists (e.g., cimetidine, ranitidine)

No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions observed.1

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Hormonal contraceptives

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

Isoniazid

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

MAO inhibitors

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

Niacin

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

NSAIAs

Potential for increased hypoglycemic effect1

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

Phenothiazines

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

Phenytoin

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

Probenecid

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

Rifampin

Decreased AUC and half-life of glimepiride144

No clinically important pharmacodynamic interactions reported144

Salicylates (e.g., aspirin)

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

Increased glimepiride clearance with concomitant aspirin (1 g 3 times daily); no change in blood glucose concentrations or evidence of hypoglycemia1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Sulfonamides

Highly protein-bound drugs may displace glimepiride from plasma proteins and potentiate hypoglycemic effect1

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Observe carefully for hypoglycemic effects when initiating concomitant therapy or loss of glycemic control when discontinuing such therapy1

Sympathomimetic agents

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1

Thyroid hormones

Potential for decreased hypoglycemic effect1

No evidence of clinically important adverse interactions in clinical studies1

Observe carefully for loss of glycemic control when initiating concomitant therapy or hypoglycemic effects when discontinuing such therapy1
Glimepiride drug interactions (more detail)

Glimepiride Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Completely absorbed; oral bioavailability of 100%.1 Peak blood concentrations attained within 2–3 hours.1

Onset

Time to maximum effect about 2–3 hours.1

Duration

Glucose-lowering effect persists for 24 hours.1

Food

Food increases the time to peak blood concentrations by about 12%.1 The mean peak blood concentration and AUC are decreased by 8 and 9%, respectively.1

Distribution

Extent

Volume of distribution: 8.8 L (113 mL/kg).1

Not known if glimepiride is distributed into human milk.1

Plasma Protein Binding

>99.5%.1

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized by CYP2C9 and by cytosolic enzymes to active and inactive metabolites.1

Elimination Route

Excreted in urine (60%) and feces (40%) predominantly as metabolites.1

Half-life

Averages 5.3 hours after a single dose in healthy individuals.1 Averages 9.2 hours in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at steady state.1

Special Populations

Renal impairment: Decreased serum drug concentrations and increased concentrations and half-lives of the metabolites.1

Geriatric patients: At steady state, lower mean AUC (13%) and increased clearance (11%) compared with younger patients.1

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets

Glimepiride: Well-closed containers at 15–30°C.1

Actions

Advice to Patients

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Glimepiride

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, scored

1 mg*

Amaryl (scored)

Sanofi-Aventis

Glimepiride Tablets

2 mg*

Amaryl (scored)

Sanofi-Aventis

Glimepiride Tablets

4 mg*

Amaryl (scored)

Sanofi-Aventis

Glimepiride Tablets

6 mg*

Glimepiride Tablets

8 mg*

Glimepiride Tablets

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Glimepiride Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

2 mg with Pioglitazone Hydrochloride 30 mg (of pioglitazone)*

Duetact

Takeda

Glimepiride with Pioglitazone Hydrochloride

4 mg with Pioglitazone Hydrochloride 30 mg (of pioglitazone)*

Duetact

Takeda

Glimepiride with Pioglitazone Hydrochloride

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions June 21, 2021. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

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