Skip to Content
Print Share
Visit ConferenceInsider for CEU-EBR 2017 diabetes topics | Read More

Glipizide

Pronunciation

Class: Sulfonylureas
VA Class: HS502
Chemical Name: 1-cyclohexyl-3-[[p-[2-(5-methylpyrazine-carboxamido)ethyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]urea
Molecular Formula: C21H27N5O4S
CAS Number: 29094-61-9
Brands: Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL, Metaglip

Introduction

Antidiabetic agent; sulfonylurea.1 2 3

Uses for Glipizide

Diabetes Mellitus

Used alone or in fixed combination with metformin as an adjunct to diet for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (noninsulin-dependent) in patients whose hyperglycemia cannot be controlled by diet alone.1 2 3 19 27 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 95

Invokana Insights: 10 Drug-Specific Facts You Should Know
Slideshow
Invokana Insights: 10 Drug-Specific Facts You Should Know

Used in combination with one or more other oral antidiabetic agents or insulin as an adjunct to diet and exercise in patients who do not achieve adequate glycemic control with diet, exercise, and oral antidiabetic agent monotherapy.95 120 127 128 129 130 139 154 155 157 158 161 159 160 161 162 164

Alternative therapy in some type 2 diabetic patients being treated with insulin.1 2 52 54 Useful in combination with insulin therapy to improve glycemic control and/or decrease insulin dosage in some type 2 diabetic patients.2 67

Not effective as sole therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; insulin is necessary.

Not effective as sole therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by acidosis, ketosis, or coma.1 2

Glipizide Dosage and Administration

General

  • Adjust dosage according to tolerance and urine and/or fasting blood glucose determinations.1 Monitor glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c) to determine minimum effective dosage or detect primary or secondary failure.1 95 153

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer extended-release or conventional tablets once daily, generally with breakfast.1 95 1 Administer conventional tablets approximately 30 minutes before a meal.1 11 32

Administer glipizide in fixed combination with metformin once daily with a meal.153

Some patients may have a more satisfactory response when conventional oral tablets are administered in 2 or 3 divided doses daily.1 2 11 44 50 51 52 53 54 57 58 59 60 When dosage exceeds 15 mg daily as conventional tablets, administer in divided doses before meals of sufficient caloric content.1 2 59

Extended-release tablets should be swallowed whole and should not be divided, chewed, or crushed.95

Dosage

Adults

Diabetes Mellitus
Initial Dosage in Previously Untreated Patients
Oral

Conventional or extended-release tablets: Initially, 5 mg daily.1 95 Titrate dosage of conventional tablets in increments of 2.5–5 mg daily at intervals of at least several days1 (usually 3–7 days).2 51 54 59 60 Maximum once daily dosage, 15 mg.1

For extended-release tablets, dosage adjustment should be based on at least 2 similar consecutive fasting glucose concentrations obtained at least 7 days after the previous dose adjustment.95

Initial Dosage in Patients Transferred from Conventional to Extended-release Tablets
Oral

When transferring, administer the nearest equivalent total daily dosage once daily.95 Alternatively, 5 mg once daily as extended-release tablets and titrate dosage.95

Initial Dosage in Patients Transferred from Other Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Oral

Individualize initial dosage of glipizide; usually 5–10 mg daily.90 92 The other oral antidiabetic agent may be discontinued abruptly.1 95

Patients being transferred from a sulfonylurea agent with a longer half life (e.g., chlorpropamide) should be closely monitored for the occurrence of hypoglycemia during the initial 1–2 weeks.1 95 A drug-free interval of 2–3 days may be advisable before glipizide therapy is initiated as conventional tablets in patients being transferred from chlorpropamide, particularly if blood glucose concentration was adequately controlled with chlorpropamide.90 92

Initial Dosage in Patients Transferred from Insulin
Oral

Initially, 5 mg once daily, if insulin requirements were ≤20 units daily.1 Abruptly discontinue insulin.1

5 mg once daily if insulin requirements were >20 units daily, and reduce insulin dosage by 50%.1 Withdraw insulin gradually and adjust glipizide dosage in increments of 2.5–5 mg daily at intervals of at least several days.1

Maintenance Dosage
Oral

Maintenance dosage varies considerably, ranging from 2.5–40 mg daily.1 2 7 27 39 40 41 42 43 44 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 Most patients require 5–25 mg daily as conventional tablets27 39 40 41 42 43 44 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 or 5–10 mg daily as extended-release tablets, but higher dosages may be necessary.7 25 95

Combination Therapy with Other Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Oral

When added to therapy with other antidiabetic agents, the glipizide extended-release tablets may be initiated at a dosage of 5 mg daily.95 Base titration on clinical judgment.95

Fixed combination: 2.5 mg of glipizide and 250 mg of metformin hydrochloride once daily with a meal in treatment-naive patients.153

For more severe hyperglycemia (i.e., fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 280–320 mg/dL), 2.5 mg of glipizide and 500 mg of metformin hydrochloride twice daily.153

Dosage may be increased in increments of one tablet153 (using the tablet strength at which therapy was initiated, either 2.5 mg glipizide/250 mg metformin hydrochloride or 2.5 mg glipizide/500 mg metformin hydrochloride)163 daily every 2 weeks until the minimum effective dosage required to achieve adequate glycemic control is reached.153

Maximum daily dosage, 10 mg of glipizide and 2 g of metformin hydrochloride.153

In previously treated patients with inadequate glycemic control with monotherapy, 2.5 or 5 mg of glipizide and 500 mg of metformin hydrochloride twice daily with the morning and evening meals.153

The initial dosage of the fixed combination should not exceed the daily dosage of glipizide or metformin hydrochloride previously received.153

Titrate upward in increments not exceeding 5 mg of glipizide and 500 mg of metformin hydrochloride until adequate glycemic control is reached.153

Maximum daily dosage, 20 mg of glipizide and 2 g of metformin hydrochloride in previously treated patients.153

For patients previouly receiving both glipizide (or another sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent) and metformin, the initial dosage of the fixed-combination preparation should not exceed the daily dosages of glipizide (or equivalent dosage of another sulfonylurea) and metformin hydrochloride currently being taken.153 158 Such patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia following the switch.153 In the transfer, the decision to switch to the nearest equivalent dosage or to titrate dosage is based on clinical judgment.153

Prescribing Limits

Adults

Diabetes Mellitus
Oral

Maximum once-daily dose as conventional tablets is 15 mg.1

Maximum total daily dosage is 40 mg as divided doses of conventional tablets or 20 mg as extended-release tablets.1 95

Maximum daily dosage of the fixed combination, 10 mg of glipizide and 2 g of metformin hydrochloride.153

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Conventional tablets: Initially, 2.5 mg daily;1 conservative maintenance dosage.1

Extended-release tablets: Use conservative initial and maintenance dosage.1

Adjust dosage carefully.1 27 71

Generally, do not use in patients with severe hepatic impairment.2 65 72

Renal Impairment

Use conservative initial and maintenance dosage.1 95

Use generally not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment.2 65 72

Cautious dosing recommended.

Geriatric Patients

Conventional tablets: Initially, 2.5 mg daily.1

Initially, 5 mg (extended-release tablets) may be used.1 95

Use conservative initial and maintenance dosage of glipizide-containing formulations.1 95 153

Adjust dosage carefully.1 Any dosage adjustment of glipizide in fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride requires careful assessment of renal function.153

Dosage of glipizide and metformin hydrochloride in fixed combination should not be titrated to the maximum dosage.

Debilitated or Malnourished Patients

Conservative initial and maintenance dosage of conventional and extended-release tablets.1 95

Dosage of glipizide and metformin hydrochloride in fixed combination should not be titrated to the maximum dosage.153

Cautions for Glipizide

Contraindications

  • Known hypersensitivity to glipizide or any ingredient in the formulation.1

  • Diabetes mellitus complicated by acidosis, ketosis, or coma; use of insulin is necessary.1 2

  • Monotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Cardiovascular Effects

Possible increased cardiovascular mortality reported with other sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents (i.e., tolbutamide or phenformin).1 75 However, the American Diabetes Association considers the benefits of intensive glycemic control with insulin or sulfonylureas to outweigh the risks overall.97 107 113

General Precautions

Hypoglycemia

Reported infrequently; usually mild;2 27 50 58 59 60 Possible severe hypoglycemia, especially geriatric patients, malnourished patients, and those with adrenal, pituitary, hepatic, or renal insufficiency.1 27 70 71 Strenuous exercise, alcohol ingestion, insufficient caloric intake, or use in combination with other antidiabetic agents may increase risk.1

Appropriate patient selection and careful attention to dosage are important to avoid glipizide-induced hypoglycemia.

Concurrent Illness

Possible loss of glycemic control during periods of stress (e.g., fever of any cause, trauma, infection, surgery).1 2

Temporary discontinuance of glipizide and administration of insulin may be required.1

GI Disease

Use extended-release tablets with caution in patients with severe preexisting GI narrowing, since obstruction may occur.95

Use of Fixed Combinations

When use in fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with metformin.

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.1

Many experts recommend that insulin be used during pregnancy.1 95

Lactation

Not known whether glipizide is distributed into milk;1 discontinue nursing or the drug.1

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established.1 However, the ADA states that use may be considered in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus because of greater compliance and convenience and lack of evidence demonstrating better efficacy of insulin for type 2 diabetes mellitus.117

Geriatric Use

Increased risk of hypoglycemia.1 27 71 Cautious dosing recommended.1 27 71

Hepatic Impairment

Increased risk of hypoglycemia.1 27 71 Cautious dosing recommended.1 27 71 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Generally, not recommended in severe impairment.2 65 72

Renal Impairment

Increased risk of hypoglycemia.1 27 71 Cautious dosing recommended.1 27 71 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Generally, not recommended in severe impairment.2 65 72

Common Adverse Effects

With conventional tablets, nausea,1 50 anorexia,50 vomiting,50 pyrosis,50 gastralgia,1 diarrhea,1 and constipation.1 2 50

With extended-release tablets, asthenia, headache, pain, dizziness, nervousness, tremor, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, and flatulence.95 With glipizide in fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, dizziness, hypertension, nausea/vomiting, musculoskeletal pain, headache, abdominal pain, and urinary tract infection.153

Interactions for Glipizide

Protein-bound Drugs

Potential pharmacokinetic interaction with other protein-bound drugs.1 2 47 72 80

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs.1

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Alcohol

Rarely, disulfiram like reactions1

Antifungals

Increased plasma concentrations of glipizide and hypoglycemic effect95

Anticoagulants, oral

Glipizide could displace or be displaced by oral anticoagulants from plasma protein binding sites1 2 47 72 80

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

β-Adrenergic blocking agents

Impaired glucose tolerance; increased frequency or severity of hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia-induced complications62 72 80

If concomitant therapy is necessary, a β1-selective adrenergic blocking agent may be preferred62 72

Calcium-channel blocking agents

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Chloramphenicol

Increases hypoglycemic effect1 2 62 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Cimetidine

Inhibits the hepatic metabolism of glipizide and potentiate hypoglycemic effect83

Glipizide dosage adjustment may be necessary when cimetidine therapy is initated or discontinued83

Contraceptives, oral

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Corticosteroids

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Dicumarol

Does not displace dicumarol from plasma protein binding sites1 81 82

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

Diuretics, nonthiazide

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Diuretics, thiazide

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus72 80 84

Increased antidiabetic requirements72 80 84

Estrogens

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Hydantoins

Glipizide could displace or be displaced by hydantoins from plasma protein binding sites1 2 47 72 80

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

Indoprofen

Does not displace indoprofen from plasma protein binding sites1 81 82

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

Isoniazid

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

MAO inhibitors

Increases hypoglycemic effects1 2 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Niacin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

NSAIAs

Glipizide could displace or be displaced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents from plasma protein binding sites1 2 47 72 80

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

Phenothiazines

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Phenytoin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72 72

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Probenecid

Increases hypoglycemic effects1 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Rifampin

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Salicylate

Does not displace salicylate from plasma protein binding sites1 81 82

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

Sulfonamides

Glipizide could displace or be displaced by sulfonamides from plasma protein binding sites1 2 47 72 80

Use with caution with protein-bound drugs1

Sympathomimetic agents

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Thyroid agents

May exacerbate diabetes mellitus1 72 80

Observe closely when concurrent therapy is initiated or discontinued1

Glipizide Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Absorption is essentially complete; 1 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 80–100% of an oral dose may be absorbed.30 31 95

Onset

15–30 minutes.6 32 33

Duration

In nonfasting diabetic patients, the hypoglycemic action may persist for up to 24 hours.1 39 40 41 42 43 44

Food

Food delays the absorption of conventional tablets but does not affect peak serum concentrations achieved or the extent of absorption of the drug.32 33 Peak serum concentrations following administration of conventional tablets generally are delayed 20–40 minutes in the nonfasting state compared with the fasting state.1 32 33

Peak plasma concentrations of glipizide following adminsitration in fixed combination with metformin hydrochloride with food are delayed by 1 hour.153

Food does not affect the glycemic response or the time to absorption of extended-release tablets.95 Peak blood concentrations following administation of extended-release tablets and food are increased.95

Distribution

Extent

Following IV administration in mice, distributed into the liver and blood, with lower concentrations in the lungs, kidneys, adrenals, myocardium, salivary glands, and retroscapular fat.45 In humans, small amounts of glipizide are apparently distributed into bile30 34 37 and very small amounts are distributed into erythrocytes and saliva.30

Not known if glipizide is distributed into milk.1

Plasma Protein Binding

92–99%.30 34 36 46 95

Elimination

Metabolism

Appears to be almost completely metabolized, 30 34 35 36 37 mainly in the liver.1

Elimination Route

Glipizide and its metabolites are excreted principally in urine30 34 35 36 37 (60–90%) and to a lesser extent in feces (5–20%).30 34 35 37 95

95

Half-life

Terminal elimination half-life of glipizide averages 3–4.7 hours following oral administration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function.9 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 39 48

Terminal elimination half-life of total glipizide metabolites ranges from 2–6 hours.37

Special Populations

Renal or hepatic impairment may increase serum glipizide concentrations and reduce elimination.1 37

Severe renal impairment may decrease the renal excretion of and increase the terminal elimination half-life of glipizide metabolites.37

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets (conventional)

Tight, light-resistant containers90 at a temperature <30°C.1

Tablets (extended-release)

15–30°C; protect from moisture and humidity.95

Tablets (fixed-combination)

20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).153

Actions

  • Sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent.1 2 3

  • Lowers blood glucose concentration in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

  • Stimulates secretion of postprandial endogenous insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas.1 2 3 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

  • During prolonged administration, extrapancreatic effects such as enhanced peripheral sensitivity to insulin and reduction of basal hepatic glucose production contribute to the hypoglycemic action.3 5 7 8 10 12 13 14 16 17 23 24

Advice to Patients

  • Importance of regular clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood and urine glucose determinations.1

  • Importance of adherence to diet and exercise regimen.1

  • Understanding of primary and secondary failure to oral sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents.1

  • Risks of hypoglycemia, the symptoms and treatment of hypoglycemic reactions, and conditions that predispose to the development of hypoglycemic reactions.1

  • Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs.1

  • Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1

  • Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

glipiZIDE

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets

5 mg*

glipiZIDE Tablets

Apotex, Mylan, Sandoz, Teva, Watson

Glucotrol (scored)

Pfizer

10 mg*

glipiZIDE Tablets

Apotex, Mylan, Sandoz, Teva, Watson

Glucotrol (scored)

Pfizer

Tablets, extended-release

2.5 mg*

glipiZIDE Tablets ER

Andrx, Greenstone

Glucotrol XL

Pfizer

5 mg*

glipiZIDE Tablets ER

Andrx, Greenstone, Watson

Glucotrol XL

Pfizer

10 mg*

glipiZIDE Tablets ER

Andrx, Greenstone, Watson

Glucotrol XL

Pfizer

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

glipiZIDE Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, film-coated

2.5 mg with 250 mg Metformin Hydrochloride*

Glipizide with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets

CorePharma, Sandoz, Teva

Metaglip

Bristol-Myers Squibb

2.5 mg with 500 mg Meformin Hydrochloride*

Glipizide with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets

CorePharma, Sandoz, Teva

Metaglip

Bristol-Myers Squibb

5 mg with 500 mg Metformin Hydrochloride*

Glipizide with Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets

CorePharma, Sandoz, Teva

Metaglip

Bristol-Myers Squibb

AHFS DI Essentials. © Copyright 2017, Selected Revisions June 1, 2006. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

References

1. Pfizer. Glucotrol (glipizide) tablets prescribing information. New York, NY; 2000 Oct.

2. Brogden RN, Heel RC, Pakes GE et al. Glipizide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1979; 18:329-53. [PubMed 389600]

3. Jackson JE, Bressler R. Clinical pharmacology of sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents: part 1. Drugs. 1981; 22:211-45. [PubMed 7021124]

4. Reynolds JEF, ed. Martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press; 1982:855.

5. Skillman TG, Feldman JM. The pharmacology of sulfonylureas. Am J Med. 1981; 70:361-72. [PubMed 6781341]

6. Pisani Ceretti A, Losi S, Orsini G et al. A controlled study of the hypoglycemic and insulinopoietic effect of glipizide and glibenclamide in non-diabetic human subjects. Arzneimittelforschung. 1975; 25:675-6. [PubMed 808231]

7. Greenfield MS, Doberne L, Rosenthal M et al. Effect of sulfonylurea treatment on in vivo insulin secretion and action in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1982; 31:307-12.

8. Reaven GM. Effect of glipizide treatment on various aspects of glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1983; 75(Suppl. 5B):8-14. [PubMed 6369970]

9. Peterson CM, Sims RV, Jones RL et al. Bioavailability of glipizide and its effect on blood glucose and insulin levels in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1982; 5:497-500. [PubMed 6765225]

10. Lebovitz HE, Feinglos MN. Mechanism of action of the second-generation sulfonylurea glipizide. Am J Med. 1983; 75(Suppl. 5B):46-54. [PubMed 6369967]

11. Sartor G, Scherstén B, Melander A. Effects of glipizide and food intake on the blood levels of glucose and insulin in diabetic patients. Acta Med Scand. 1978; 203:211-4. [PubMed 345754]

12. Feinglos MN, Lebovitz HE. Sulfonylurea treatment of insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1980; 29:488-94. [PubMed 6990184]

13. Lebovitz HE, Feinglos MN, Bucholtz HK et al. Potentiation of insulin action: a probable mechanism for the anti-diabetic action of sulfonylurea drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977; 45:601-4. [PubMed 903405]

14. Kolterman OG, Gray RS, Shapiro G et al. The acute and chronic effects of sulfonylurea therapy in type II diabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1984; 33:346-54. [PubMed 6423429]

15. Gurwich EL (The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI): Personal communication; 1984 Jun 25.

16. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Koivisto V. New concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1983; 74(Suppl. 1A):52-81. [PubMed 6337486]

17. Lockwood DH, Maloff BL, Nowak SM et al. Extrapancreatic effects of sulfonylureas: potentiation of insulin action through post-binding mechanisms. Am J Med. 1983; 74(Suppl. 1A):102-8. [PubMed 6401922]

18. Larner J. Mediators of postreceptor action of insulin. Am J Med. 1983; 74(Suppl. 1A):38-51. [PubMed 6297300]

19. Fineberg SE, Schneider SH. Glipizide versus tolbutamide, an open trial: effects on insulin secretory patterns and glucose concentrations. Diabetologia. 1980; 18:49-54. [PubMed 6988265]

20. Marco J, Valverde I. Unaltered glucagon secretion after seven days of sulphonylurea administration in normal subjects. Diabetologia. 1973; 9(Suppl.):317-9.

21. Serrano Rios M, Ordonez A, Sanchez MS et al. Long-term effects of glipizide on endocrine pancreas and insulin receptors in type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetologia. 1983; 25:193-4.

22. Lecomte MJ, Luyckx AS, Lefebvre PF. Plasma glucagon and clinical control of maturity-onset type diabetes: effects of diet, placebo and glipizide. Diabete Metab. 1977; 3:239-43. [PubMed 340296]

23. Best JD, Judzewitsch RG, Pfeifer MA et al. The effect of chronic sulfonylurea therapy on hepatic glucose production in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 1982; 31:333-8. [PubMed 6759249]

24. DeFronzo RA, Simonson DC. Oral sulfonylurea agents suppress hepatic glucose production in non-insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care. 1984; 7(Suppl. 1):72-80. [PubMed 6428844]

25. Greenfield MS, Doberne L, Rosenthal M et al. Lipid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effect of glipizide therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1982; 142:1498-500. [PubMed 7103631]

26. Bergman M, Gidez LI, Eder HA. The effect of glipizide on HDL and HDL subclasses. Diabetes. 1983; 32(Suppl. 1):157A.

27. Masbernard A, Giudicelli C, Massey J. Clinical experience with glipizide in the treatment of mostly complicated diabetes. Diabetologia. 1973; 9(Suppl.):356-63.

28. Preuss HG, Rodelas R, Terlinsky A et al. Effects of glipizide on water and electrolyte handling in water-loaded humans. Renal Physiol. 1981; 4:173-9. [PubMed 7302369]

29. Gandini R, Cunietti E, Riario GG et al. Inhibition of aggregation of human platelets by glipizide in vitro. Diabetologia. 1982; 23:298.

30. Pentikainen PJ, Neuvonen PJ, Penttila A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1983; 21:98-107. [PubMed 6341263]

31. Wahlin-Boll E, Almer LO, Melander A. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and effects of glipizide in type 2 diabetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1982; 7:363-72. [PubMed 7116738]

32. Wahlin-Boll E, Melander A, Sartor G et al. Influence of food intake on the absorption and effect of glipizide in diabetics and in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980; 18:279-83. [PubMed 7002565]

33. Sartor G, Melander A, Scherstén B et al. Comparative single-dose kinetics and effects of four sulfonylureas in healthy volunteers. Acta Med Scand. 1980; 208:301-7. [PubMed 6778079]

34. Fuccella LM, Tamassia V, Valzelli G. Metabolism and kinetics of the hypoglycemic agent glipizide in man—comparison with glibenclamide. J Clin Pharmacol. 1973; 13:68-75.

35. Balant L, Fabre J, Zahnd GR. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of glipizide and glibenclamide in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1975; 8:63-9. [PubMed 823030]

36. Schmidt HAE, Schoog M, Schweer KH et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as metabolism following orally and intravenously administered C14-glipizide, a new antidiabetic. Diabetologia. 1973; 9(Suppl.):320-30.

37. Balant L, Zahnd G, Gorgia A et al. Pharmacokinetics of glipizide in man: influence of renal insufficiency. Diabetologia. 1973; 9(Suppl.):331-8.

38. Huupponen R, Seppala P, Iisalo E. Glipizide pharmacokinetics and response in diabetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982; 20:417-22. [PubMed 6754633]

39. Ostman J, Christenson I, Jansson B et al. The antidiabetic effect and pharmacokinetic properties of glipizide: comparison of a single dose with divided dose regime. Acta Med Scand. 1981; 210:173-80. [PubMed 7027750]

40. Groop L, Harno K. Diurnal pattern of plasma insulin and blood glucose during glibenclamide and glipizide therapy in elderly diabetics. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. 1980; 239:44-52.

41. Benfield GFA, Pettengell KE, Hunter KR. Once-daily v twice daily glipizide in diabetes mellitus. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982; 14:614P.

42. Corrall RJM, Thornley P, Bhalla IP et al. Observations on the efficacy and safety of glipizide: a new low dosage sulphonylurea. Acta Ther. 1976; 2:77-88.

43. Azzopardi J, Campbell IW, Clarke BF et al. Duree de l’effet hypoglycemiant utile du glipizide administre une fois par jour a des malades atteints de diabete non insulino-dependant moderement severe. (French; with English abstract.) Acta Ther. 1975; 1:19-29.

44. Almer LO, Johansson E, Melander A et al. Influence of sulfonylureas on the secretion, disposal and effect of insulin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982; 22:27-32. [PubMed 7047169]

45. Goldaniga GC, Maraone C, Pianezzola E et al. Metabolism of glipizide in the rat and dog and its tissue distribution in the mouse. Arzneimittelforschung. 1973; 23:242-6. [PubMed 4739837]

46. Crooks MJ, Brown KF. Interaction of glipizide with human serum albumin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1975; 24:298-9. [PubMed 234237]

47. Hsu PL, Ma JKH, Luzzi LA. Interactions of sulfonylureas with plasma proteins. J Pharm Sci. 1974; 63:570-3. [PubMed 4208196]

48. MacWalter RS, El Debani AH, Feely J et al. Studies on glipizide pharmacokinetics and effect in diabetic patients. Br J Clin PHarmacol. 1984; 17:622-3P.

49. Tamassia V. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of glipizide. Curr Med Res Opin. 1975; 3(Suppl. 1):20-30.

50. Emanueli A, Molari E, Pirola LC et al. Glipizide, a new sulfonylurea in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: summary of clinical experience in 1064 cases. Arzneimittelforschung. 1972; 22:1881-5. [PubMed 4267009]

51. De Leeuw I, De Baere H, Decraene P et al. An open comparative study of the efficacy and tolerance of a new antidiabetic agent: glipizide. Diabetologia. 1973; 9(Suppl.):364-6.

52. Parodi FA, Caputo G. Long-term treatment of diabetes with glipizide. Curr Med Res Opin. 1975; 3(Suppl. 1):31-6.

53. Bandisode MS, Boshell BR. Clinical evaluation of a new sulfonylurea in maturity onset diabetes—glipizide (K-4024). Horm Metab Res. 1976; 8:88-91.

54. Fowler LK. Glipizide in the treatment of maturity-onset diabetes: a multi-centre, out-patient study. Curr Med Res Opin. 1978; 5:418-23. [PubMed 350493]

55. Feinglos MN, Lebovitz HE. Long-term safety and efficacy of glipizide. Am J Med. 1983; 75(Suppl. 5B):60-6. [PubMed 6369969]

56. Adetuyibi A, Ogundipe OO. A comparative trial of glipizide, glibenclamide and chlorpropamide in the management of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus in Nigerians. Curr Ther Res. 1977; 21:485-90.

57. Blohmé G, Waldenstrom J. Glibenclamide and glipizide in maturity onset diabetes. Acta Med Scand. 1979; 206:263-7. [PubMed 116480]

58. Frederiksen PK, Mogensen EF. A clinical comparison between glipizide (Glibenese) and glibenclamide (Daonil) in the treatment of maturity onset diabetes: a controlled double-blind cross-over study. Curr Ther Res. 1982; 32:1-7.

59. Shuman CR. Glipizide: an overview. Am J Med. 1983; 75(Suppl. 5B):55-9. [PubMed 6369968]

60. Fuchs K. Glipizide versus tolbutamide in maturity-onset diabetes, an open comparative study. Diabetologia. 1973; 9(Suppl.):351-5.

61. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes. 1979; 28:1039-57. [PubMed 510803]

62. Koda-Kimble MA. Diabetes mellitus. In: Koda-Kimble MA, Young LY, eds. Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs. 5th ed. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1992:72–1-53.

63. Skyler JS. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a clinical strategy. Diabetes Care. 1984: 7(Suppl. 1):118-29.

64. Scientific Advisory Panel of the Executive Committee, American Diabetes Association. Policy statement: the UGDP controversy. Diabetes. 1979; 28:168-70.

65. Asmal AC, Marble A. Oral hypoglycaemic agents: an update. Drugs. 1984; 28:62-78. [PubMed 6378583]

66. Lebovitz HE. Clinical utility of oral hypoglycemic agents in the management of patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1983; 75(Suppl. 5B):94-9. [PubMed 6369972]

67. Allen BT, Feinglos MN, Lebovitz H. Combined insulin, glipizide treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1983; 32(Suppl. 1):35A.

68. Camerini-Davalos RA, Velasco C, Glasser M et al. Drug-induced reversal of early diabetic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med. 1984; 309:1551-6.

69. Siperstein MD. Diabetic microangiopathy and the control of blood glucose. N Engl J Med. 1983; 309:1577-9. [PubMed 6656851]

70. Blohmé G, Branegard B, Fahlen M et al. Glipizide-induced severe hypoglycemia. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. 1981; 245:13.

71. Seltzer HS. Severe drug-induced hypoglycemia: a review. Compr Ther. 1979; 5(4):21-9. [PubMed 445986]

72. Jackson JE, Bressler R. Clinical pharmacology of sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents: part 2. Drugs. 1981; 22:295-320. [PubMed 7030708]

73. American Diabetes Association. Policy statement: indications for use of continuous insulin delivery systems and self-measurement of blood glucose. Diabetes Care. 1982; 5:140-1.

74. Holmes B, Heel RC, Brogden RN et al. Gliclazide: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 1984; 27:301-27. [PubMed 6373223]

75. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling for oral hypoglycemic drugs of the sulfonylurea class. Docket No. 75N-0062 Fed Regist. 1984; 49:14303-31.

76. Renner HW, Munzer R. Mutagenicity of sulphonylureas. Mutat Res. 1980; 77:349-55. [PubMed 6990252]

77. Krans HMJ. Insulin, glucagon and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. In: Dukes MNG, ed. Side effects of drugs. Annual 3. New York: Elsevier/North Holland Inc.; 1979:347.

78. Kannisto H, Neuvonen PJ. Adsorption of sulfonylureas onto activated charcoal in vitro. J Pharm Sci. 1984; 73:253-6. [PubMed 6707896]

79. Neuvonen PJ, Karkkainen S. Effects of charcoal, sodium bicarbonate, and ammonium chloride on chlorpropamide kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983; 33:386-93. [PubMed 6297841]

80. Hansten PD. Drug interactions. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1979:14, 93-109.

81. Melander A, Wahlin-Boll E. Interaction of glipizide and indoprofen. Eur J Rheumatol Inflammation. 1981; 4:22-5.

82. Pedrazzi F, Bommartini F, Freddo J et al. A study of the possible interaction of indoprofen with hypoglycemic sulfonylureas in diabetic patients. Eur J Rheumatol Inflammation. 1981; 4:26-31.

83. Feely J, Peden N. Enhanced sulphonylurea-induced hypoglycaemia with cimetidine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983; 15:607P.

84. The Upjohn Company. Orinase prescribing information. In: Huff BB, ed. Physicians’ desk reference. 38th ed. Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc.; 1984:2041-3.

85. Leslie RDG, Pyke DA. Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing: a dominantly inherited trait associated with diabetes. Br Med J. 1978; 2:1519-21. [PubMed 728707]

86. Groop L, Totterman KJ. Propranolol does not inhibit sulphonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol. 1982; 100:410-5. [PubMed 7051722]

87. Farr MJ. Diazoxide, glipizide, hypertension and hypoglycaemia. Lancet. 1976; 2:1138. [PubMed 62974]

88. Kollind M, Adamson U, Lins PE et al. Influence of glipizide on xylose absorption in type II diabetes. Acta Endocrinol Suppl. 1982; 247:39.

89. Wahlin-Boll E, Sartor G, Melander A et al. Impaired effect of sulfonylurea following increased dosage. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982; 22:21-5. [PubMed 7047168]

90. Giorgianni SJ (Roerig; New York, NY): Personal communication; 1984 Sep.

91. Melander A, Wahlin-Boll E. Clinical pharmacology of glipizide. Am J Med. 1983; 75(Suppl. 5B):41-5. [PubMed 6424440]

92. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations); 1984 Sep.

93. The Upjohn Company. Micronase prescribing information. Kalamazoo, MI; 1984 May.

94. Bergman M, Felig P. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels in diabetes: principles and practice. Arch Intern Med. 1984; 144:2029-34. [PubMed 6385899]

95. Pfizer Inc. Glucotrol XL(glipizide) extended release tablets prescribing information. New York, NY; 2001 Apr.

96. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998; 352:837-53. [PubMed 9742976]

97. American Diabetes Association. Implications of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22(Suppl 1):S27-31.

98. Matthews DR, Cull CA, Stratton RR et al. UKPDS 26: sulphonylurea failure in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients over 6 years. Diabet Med. 1998; 15:297-303. [PubMed 9585394]

99. Genuth P. United Kingdom prospective diabetes study results are in. J Fam Pract. 1998; 47:(Suppl 5):S27.

100. Bretzel RG, Voit K, Schatz H et al. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS): implications for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998; 106:369-72. [PubMed 9831300]

101. Schmitt JK, Moore JR. Hypertension secondary to chlorpropamide with amelioration by changing to insulin. Am J Hypertens. 1993; 6:317-9. [PubMed 8507452]

102. Genuth S, Brownless MA, Kuller LH et al. Consensus development conference on insulin resistance: Novermber 5-6 1997. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21:310-4. [PubMed 9540000]

103. Henry RR. Glucose control and insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124:97-103. [PubMed 8554221]

104. Lebovitz HE. Stepwise and combination drug therapy for the treatment of NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1994; 17:1542-4. [PubMed 7882832]

105. Nathan DM. Some answers, more controversy, from UKDS. Lancet. 1998; 352:832-3. [PubMed 9742972]

106. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations) on metformin.

107. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(Suppl 1):S33-49.

108. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:977-86. [PubMed 8366922]

109. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA. 1988; 260:2864-71. [PubMed 3184351]

110. American Diabetes Association. Implications of the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 1996; 19:50-2S.

111. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995; 28:103-17. [PubMed 7587918]

112. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. ffect of intensive blood-glucose control with metfromin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998; 352:854-65. [PubMed 9742977]

113. American Diabetes Association. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) for type 2 diabetes: what you need to know about the results of a long-term study. Washington, DC; September 15, 1998. From American Diabetes Association web site (http://www.diabetews.org/ada/ukpds.asp).

114. Davis TM. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study: the end of the beginning? Med J Aust. 1998; 169:511-2.

115. Watkins PJ. UKPDS: a message of hope and a need for change. Diabet Med. 1998; 15:895-6. [PubMed 9827842]

116. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V et al. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonlyurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirements for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA. 1999; 281:2005-12. [PubMed 10359389]

117. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2000; 105:671-80. [PubMed 10699131]

118. American Diabetes Association. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(Suppl 1):S4-19.

119. American Diabetes Association. Office guide to diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18(Suppl 1):4.

120. Williams G. Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1994; 343:95-100. [PubMed 7903785]

121. Genuth S. Exogenous insulin administration and cardiovascular risk in non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(1 Part 2):104-9.

122. DeFronzo RA. The triumvirate: beta-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes. 1988; 37:667-87. [PubMed 3289989]

123. Polonsky KS, Sturis J, Bell GI. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus-a genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:777-83. [PubMed 8592553]

124. Swislocki A. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Am J Med Sci. 1990; 300:104-15. [PubMed 2206054]

125. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998; 317:703-13. [PubMed 9732337]

126. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: UKPDS 39. BMJ. 1998; 317:713-20. [PubMed 9732338]

127. Chow CC, Sorensen JP, Tsang LWW et al. Comparison of insulin with or without continuation of oral hypoglycemic agents in the treatment of secondary failure in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18:307-14. [PubMed 7555472]

128. Zimmerman B, Espenshade J, Fujimoto W et al. The pharmacological treatment of hyperglycemia in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1995; 19:1510-18.

129. Expert Committee of the Canadian Diabetes Advisory Board. Clinical practice guidelines for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Can Med Assoc J. 1992; 147:697-712.

130. Raskin P. Combination therapy in NIDDM N Engl J Med. 1992; 327:1453-4. Editorial.

131. Landstedt-Hallin L, Bolinder J, Adamson U et al. Comparison of bedtime NPH or preprandial regular insulin combined with glibenclamide in secondary sulfonylurea failure. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18:1183-6. [PubMed 7587856]

132. Buse J. Combining insulin and oral agents. Am J Med. 2000; 108(Suppl 6A):23S-32S. [PubMed 10764847]

133. Trischitta V, Italia S, Mazzarino S et al. Comparison of combined therapies in treatment of secondary failure to glyburide. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15:539-42. [PubMed 1499473]

134. Johnson JL, Wolf SL, Kabadi UM. Efficacy of insulin and sulfonylurea combination therapy in type II diabetes: a meta-analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156:259-64. [PubMed 8572835]

135. Florence JA, Yeager BF. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician. 1999; 59:2835-44. [PubMed 10348076]

136. Yki-Jarvinen H, Dressler A, Ziemen M et al. Less nocturnal hypoglycemia and better post-dinner glucose control with bedtime insulin glargine compared with bedtime HPH insulin during insulin combination therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23:1130-6 (IDIS 451244) [PubMed 10937510]

137. Bastyr EJ, Johnson ME, Trautman ME et al. Insulin lispro in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after oral agent failure. Clin Ther. 1999; 21:1703-4. [PubMed 10566566]

138. DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131:281-303. [PubMed 10454950]

139. Pugh JA, Ramirez G, Wagner ML et al. Is combination sulfonylurea and insulin therapy useful in NIDDM patients? A metaanalysis. Diabetes Care. 1992; 15:953-9. [PubMed 1387073]

140. Krentz AJ, Ferner RE, Bailey CJ. Comparative tolerability profiles of oral antidiabetic agents. Drug Safety. 1994; 11:223-41. [PubMed 7848543]

141. Eli Lilly and Company. Humalog (insulin lispro, rDNA origin) injection prescribing information. Indianapolis, IN; 2000 May 1.

142. Haffner SM, Hanefeld M, Fischer S et al. Glibenclamide, but not acarbose, increase leptin concentrations parallel to changes in insulin in subjects with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 1430-4. [PubMed 9283792]

143. Shi H, Moustaid-Moussa N, Wilkison WO et al. Role of the sulfonylurea receptor in regulating human adipocyte metabolism. FASEB J. 1999; 13:1833-8. [PubMed 10506587]

144. Cheskin LJ, Bartlett SJ, Zayas R et al. Prescription medications: a modifiable contributor to obesity. South Med J. 1999; 92:898-904. [PubMed 10498166]

145. United Kingdom prospective diabetes study group. United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) 16: overview of 6 years’ therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes. 1995; 44:1240-58.

146. Bailey C, Turner R. Metformin. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:374-9. [PubMed 8538710]

147. Clark CM Jr. Where do we go from here? Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124(1 Part 2):184-6. Editorial.

148. Bloomgarden ZT. New and traditional treatment of glycemia in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1996; 19:295-9. [PubMed 8742586]

149. Anon. Diabetes mellitus. NIH Cons Dev Conf Statement. 1986; 6:1-7.

150. Blake GH. Control of type II diabetes: reaping the rewards of exercise and weight loss. Postgrad Med. 1992; 92:129-32. [PubMed 1437899]

151. Kerr CP. Improving outcomes in diabetes: a review of the outpatient care of NIDDM patients. J Fam Pract. 1995; 40:63-75. [PubMed 7807040]

152. Turner R, Cull C, Holman R et al. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17: a 9-year update of a randomized, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124(1 Pt 2):136-45. [PubMed 8554206]

153. Bristol-Myers Squibb. Metaglip (glipizide and metformin hydrochloride) prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2002 Oct.

154. Takeda Pharmaceuticals America. Actos (pioglitazone hydrochloride) tablets prescribing information. Lincolnshire, IL; 2002 July.

155. SmithKline Beecham. Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate) tablets prescribing information. Philadelphia, PA; 2002 May

156. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2002; 287:2563-9. [PubMed 12020338]

157. Wolffenbuttel BHR, Gomist R, Squatrito S et al. Addition of low-dose rosiglitazone to sulphonylurea therapy improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2000; 17:40-7. [PubMed 10691158]

158. Kipnes MS, Krosnick a, Rendell MS et al. Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 2001; 111:10-7. [PubMed 11448655]

159. Chiasson J, Josse R, Hunt J et al. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 121:929-935.

160. Coniff RF, Shapiro JA, Seaton TB et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial comparing acarbose (BAY g 5421) with placebo, tolbutamide, and tolbutamide-plus-acarbose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 1995; 98:443-51. [PubMed 7733122]

161. Calle-Pascual AL, Garcia-Honduvilla J, Martin-Alvarez PJ et al. Comparison between acarbose, metformin, and insulin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with secondary failure to sulfonylurea treatment. Diabetes Metab. 1995; 21:256-60.

162. Klein W. Sulfonylurea-metformin-combination versus sulfonylurea-insulin-combination in secondary failures of sulfonylurea monotherapy. Diab Metab. 1991; 17(Suppl 1):235-40.

163. Salter F (Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ): Personal communication; 2003 Jan 3.

164. Bristol-Myers-Squibb Company. Glucovance(glyburide and metformin hydrochloride) tablets prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2000 2002 AugOct.

165. Pfizer. Diflucan (fluconazole) tablets, for oral suspension, and injection prescribing information. New York, NY; 1998 Jun.

166. Hermann LS, Scherstén B, Bitzén PO et al. Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulfonylurea, alone and in various combinations. Diabetes Care. 1994; 17:1100-9. [PubMed 7821128]

167. Hermann L. Biguanides and sulfonylureas as combination therapy in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1990; 13:37-41. [PubMed 2209342]

168. Hermann LS, Melander A. Biguanides: basic aspects and clinical use. In: Alberti KGMM, DeFronzo RA, Keen H et al, eds. International textbook of diabetes mellitus. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1992; 773-95.

169. Moses R, Carter J, Slobodniuk R et al. Effect of repaglinide addition to metformin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22:119-24. [PubMed 10333912]

170. Fonseca V,, Rosenstock J, Patwardhan R et al. Effect of metformin and rosiglitazone combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000; 283:1695-702. [PubMed 10755495]

171. Bristol-Myers Squibb. Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) tablets and Glucophage XR (metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2001 Jun.

Next → Need to Know
Add to My Med List

More about glipizide

Consumer resources

Professional resources

Other brands: Glucotrol, GlipiZIDE XL, Glucotrol XL

Related treatment guides

Drugs.com Mobile Apps

The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Available for Android and iOS devices.

Explore Apps
Hide