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Acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine Disease Interactions

There are 25 disease interactions with acetaminophen / codeine / guaifenesin / pseudoephedrine.

Major

Acetaminophen (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) alcoholism

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility.

Chronic alcohol abusers may be at increased risk of hepatotoxicity during treatment with acetaminophen (APAP). Severe liver injury, including cases of acute liver failure resulting in liver transplant and death, has been reported in patients using acetaminophen. Therapy with acetaminophen should be administered cautiously, if at all, in patients who consume three or more alcoholic drinks a day. In general, patients should avoid drinking alcohol while taking acetaminophen-containing medications. Patients should be warned not to exceed the maximum recommended total daily dosage of acetaminophen (4 g/day in adults and children 12 years of age or older), and to read all prescription and over-the-counter medication labels to ensure they are not taking multiple acetaminophen-containing products, or check with a healthcare professional if they are unsure. They should also be advised to seek medical attention if they experience signs and symptoms of liver injury such as fever, rash, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, right upper quadrant pain, dark urine, and jaundice.

References

  1. Kaysen GA, Pond SM, Roper MH, Menke DJ, Marrama MA "Combined hepatic and renal injury in alcoholics during therapeutic use of acetaminophen." Arch Intern Med 145 (1985): 2019-23
  2. O'Dell JR, Zetterman RK, Burnett DA "Centrilobular hepatic fibrosis following acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis in an alcoholic." JAMA 255 (1986): 2636-7
  3. Seeff LB, Cuccherini BA, Zimmerman HJ, Adler E, Benjamin SB "Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics." Ann Intern Med 104 (1986): 399-404
  4. McClain CJ, Kromhout JP, Peterson FJ, Holtzman JL "Potentiation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by alcohol." JAMA 244 (1980): 251-3
  5. Kartsonis A, Reddy KR, Schiff ER "Alcohol, acetaminophen, and hepatic necrosis." Ann Intern Med 105 (1986): 138-9
  6. Prescott LF, Critchley JA "Drug interactions affecting analgesic toxicity." Am J Med 75 (1983): 113-6
  7. "Product Information. Tylenol (acetaminophen)." McNeil Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  8. Whitcomb DC, Block GD "Association of acetaminopphen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use." JAMA 272 (1994): 1845-50
  9. Bonkovsky HL "Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, fasting, and ethanol." JAMA 274 (1995): 301
  10. Nelson EB, Temple AR "Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, fasting, and ethanol." JAMA 274 (1995): 301
  11. Zimmerman HJ, Maddrey WC "Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure." Hepatology 22 (1995): 767-73
View all 11 references
Major

Acetaminophen (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) liver disease

Major Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Malnourished, Dehydration

Acetaminophen is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment or severe active liver disease. Patients with hepatic impairment may be at increased risk of toxicity. Severe liver injury, including cases of acute liver failure and death, have been reported in patients using this drug. Clinical monitoring of hepatic function is recommended. Caution is advised if using acetaminophen in patients with chronic malnutrition or severe hypovolemia. Instruct patients to avoid drinking alcohol while taking acetaminophen-containing medications. Patients should be warned not to exceed the maximum recommended total daily dosage of acetaminophen (4 g/day in adults and children 12 years of age or older), and to read all prescription and over-the-counter medication labels to ensure they are not taking multiple acetaminophen-containing products, or check with a healthcare professional if they are unsure.

References

  1. "Product Information. Tylenol (acetaminophen)." McNeil Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Acetaminophen (acetaminophen)." Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. ORIG-1 (2022):
Major

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) impaired GI motility

Major Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Constipation, Gastrointestinal Obstruction, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Intestinal Anastomoses

Narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents increase smooth muscle tone in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease peristalsis, which can lead to elevated intraluminal pressure, spasm, and constipation following prolonged use. In patients with severe or acute inflammatory bowel disease, the decrease in colonic motility may induce toxic megacolon. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, or recent gastrointestinal tract surgery. Gastrointestinal effects appear to be the most pronounced with morphine.

References

  1. Kreek MJ, Hartman N "Chronic use of opioids and antipsychotic drugs: side effects, effects on endogenous opioids, and toxicity." Ann N Y Acad Sci 398 (1982): 151-72
  2. Bellville JW, Forrest WH, Elashoff J, Laska E "Evaluating side effects of analgesics in a cooperative clinical study." Clin Pharmacol Ther 9 (1968): 303-13
  3. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  6. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  8. White MJ, Berghausen EJ, Dumont SW, Tsueda K, Schroeder JA, Vogel RL, Heine MF, Huang KC "Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl." Can J Anaesth 39 (1992): 576-82
  9. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  10. Thorn SE, Wattwil M, Kallander A "Effects of epidural morphine and epidural bupivacaine on gastroduodenal motility during the fasted state and after food intake." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38 (1994): 57-62
  11. Bennett MWR, Shah MV, Bembridge JL "A comparison of the effect on gastric emptying of alfentanil or morphine given during anaesthesia for minor surgery." Anaesthesia 49 (1994): 155-6
  12. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  14. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  15. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol nasal)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  25. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 27 references
Major

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) infectious diarrhea

Major Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Infectious Diarrhea/Enterocolitis/Gastroenteritis

Narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents may prolong and/or worsen diarrhea associated with organisms that invade the intestinal mucosa, such as toxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and pseudomembranous colitis due to broad-spectrum antibiotics. These agents decrease gastrointestinal motility, which may delay the excretion of infective gastroenteric organisms and/or their toxins. Other symptoms and complications such as fever, shedding of organisms and extraintestinal illness may also be increased or prolonged. Therapy with opioids should be avoided or administered cautiously in patients with infectious diarrhea, particularly that due to pseudomembranous enterocolitis or enterotoxin-producing bacteria or if accompanied by high fever, pus, or blood in the stool.

References

  1. Kreek MJ, Hartman N "Chronic use of opioids and antipsychotic drugs: side effects, effects on endogenous opioids, and toxicity." Ann N Y Acad Sci 398 (1982): 151-72
  2. Bellville JW, Forrest WH, Elashoff J, Laska E "Evaluating side effects of analgesics in a cooperative clinical study." Clin Pharmacol Ther 9 (1968): 303-13
  3. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  6. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  8. White MJ, Berghausen EJ, Dumont SW, Tsueda K, Schroeder JA, Vogel RL, Heine MF, Huang KC "Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl." Can J Anaesth 39 (1992): 576-82
  9. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  10. Thorn SE, Wattwil M, Kallander A "Effects of epidural morphine and epidural bupivacaine on gastroduodenal motility during the fasted state and after food intake." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38 (1994): 57-62
  11. Bennett MWR, Shah MV, Bembridge JL "A comparison of the effect on gastric emptying of alfentanil or morphine given during anaesthesia for minor surgery." Anaesthesia 49 (1994): 155-6
  12. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  14. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  15. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol nasal)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  25. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 27 references
Major

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) liver disease

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility.

Narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents are extensively metabolized by the liver, and several of them (e.g., codeine, hydrocodone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, propoxyphene) have active metabolites that are further converted to inactive substances. The serum concentrations of these agents and their metabolites may be increased and the half-lives prolonged in patients with impaired hepatic function. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously and initiated at reduced dosages in patients with liver disease. Subsequent doses should be titrated based on individual response rather than a fixed dosing schedule.

References

  1. Yue QY, Hasselstrom J, Svensson JO, Sawe J "Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolites in Caucasian healthy volunteers: comparisons between extensive and poor hydroxylators of debrisoquine." Br J Clin Pharmacol 31 (1991): 635-42
  2. Pond SM, Tong T, Benowitz NL, et al. "Presystemic metabolism of meperidine to normeperidine in normal and cirrhotic subjects." Clin Pharmacol Ther 30 (1981): 183-8
  3. Neal EA, Meffin PJ, Gregory PB, Blaschke TF "Enhanced bioavailability and decreased clearance of analgesics in patients with cirrhosis." Gastroenterology 77 (1979): 96-102
  4. Bower S, Sear JW, Roy RC, Carter RF "Effects of different hepatic pathologies on disposition of alfentanil in anaesthetized patients." Br J Anaesth 68 (1992): 462-5
  5. Parab PV, Ritschel WA, Coyle DE, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone after intravenous, peroral and rectal administration to human subjects." Biopharm Drug Dispos 9 (1988): 187-99
  6. Hill HF, Coda BA, Tanaka A, Schaffer R "Multiple-dose evaluation of intravenous hydromorphone pharmacokinetics in normal human subjects." Anesth Analg 72 (1991): 330-6
  7. Poyhia R, Seppala T, Olkkola KT, Kalso E "The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oxycodone after intramuscular and oral administration to healthy subjects." Br J Clin Pharmacol 33 (1992): 617-21
  8. Mazoit J-X, Sandouk P, Zetlaoui P, Scherrmann J-M "Pharmacokinetics of unchanged morphine in normal and cirrhotic subjects." Anesth Analg 66 (1987): 293-8
  9. Poyhia R, Olkkola KT, Seppala T, Kalso E "The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone after intravenous injection in adults." Br J Clin Pharmacol 32 (1991): 516-8
  10. Osborne R, Joel S, Trew D, Slevin M "Morphine and metabolite behavior after different routes of morphine administration: demonstration of the importance of the active metabolite morphine-6-glucoronide." Clin Pharmacol Ther 47 (1990): 12-9
  11. Glare PA, Walsh TD "Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine." Ther Drug Monit 13 (1991): 1-23
  12. Gram LF, Schou J, Way WL, et al. "delta-Propoxyphene kinetics after single oral and intravenous doses in man." Clin Pharmacol Ther 26 (1979): 473-82
  13. Yun CH, Wood M, Wood AJ, Guengerich FP "Identification of the pharmacogenetic determinants of alfentanil metabolism: cytochrome P-450 3A4: an explanation of the variable elimination clearance." Anesthesiology 77 (1992): 467-74
  14. Cone EJ, Darwin WD, Gorodetzky CW "Comparative metabolism of codeine in man, rat, dog, guinea-pig and rabbit: identification of four new metabolites." J Pharm Pharmacol 31 (1979): 314-7
  15. McHorse TS, Klotz U, Wilkinson G, Schenker S "Impaired elimination of meperidine in patients with liver disease." Trans Assoc Am Physicians 87 (1974): 281-7
  16. Hasselstrom J, Eriksson S, Persson A, Rane A, Svensson JO, Sawe J "The metabolism and bioavailability of morphine in patients with severe liver cirrhosis." Br J Clin Pharmacol 29 (1990): 289-97
  17. Novick DM, Kreek MJ, Arns PA, et al. "Effect of severe alcoholic liver disease on the disposition of methadone in maintenance patients." Alcohol Clin Exp Res 9 (1985): 349
  18. Kreek MJ, Fanizza AM, et al. "Methadone disposition in patients with chronic liver disease." Clin Pharmacol Ther 30 (1981): 353-62
  19. Leow KP, Smith MT, Williams B, Cramond T "Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in patients with cancer." Clin Pharmacol Ther 52 (1992): 487-95
  20. Leow KP, Smith MT, Watt JA, Williams BE, Cramond T "Comparative oxycodone pharmacokinetics in humans after intravenous, oral, and rectal administration." Ther Drug Monit 14 (1992): 479-84
  21. Goromaru T, Matsuura H, Yoshimura N, Miyawaki T, Sameshima T, Miyao J, Furuta T, Baba S "Identification and quantitative determination of fentanyl metabolites in patients by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry." Anesthesiology 61 (1984): 73-7
  22. Haberer JP, Schoeffler P, Couderc E, Duvaldestin P "Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in anaesthetized patients with cirrhosis." Br J Anaesth 54 (1982): 1267-70
  23. McClain DA, Hug CC, Jr "Intravenous fentanyl kinetics." Clin Pharmacol Ther 28 (1980): 106-14
  24. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  25. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  26. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  27. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  28. Dixon R, Crews T, Inturrisi C, Foley K "Levorphanol: pharmacokinetics and steady-state plasma concentrations in patients with pain." Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 41 (1983): 3-17
  29. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  30. Otton SV, Schadel M, Cheung SW, Kaplan HL, Busto UE, Sellers EM "CYP2D6 phenotype determines the metabolic conversion of hydrocodone to hydromorphone." Clin Pharmacol Ther 54 (1993): 463-72
  31. Cone EJ, Darwin WD, Gorodetzky CW, Tan T "Comparative metabolism of hydrocodone in man, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and dog." Drug Metab Dispos 6 (1978): 488-93
  32. Hasselstrom J, Sawe J "Morphine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Enterohepatic cycling and relative contribution of metabolites to active opioid concentrations." Clin Pharmacokinet 24 (1993): 344-54
  33. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  34. Giacomini KM, Giacomini JC, Gibson TP, Levy G "Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene plasma concentrations after oral propoxyphene in cirrhotic patients with and without surgically constructed portacaval shunt." Clin Pharmacol Ther 28 (1980): 417-24
  35. Flanagan RJ, Johnston A, White AS, Crome P "Pharmacokinetics of dextropropoxyphene and nordextropropoxyphene in young and elderly volunteers after single and multiple dextropropoxyphene dosage." Br J Clin Pharmacol 28 (1989): 463-9
  36. Chen ZR, Somogy AA, Reynolds G, Bochner F "Disposition and metabolism of codeine after single and chronic doses in one poor and seven extensive metabolisers." Br J Clin Pharmacol 31 (1991): 381-90
  37. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  38. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  39. Hagen N, Thirlwell MP, Dhaliwal HS, Babul N, Harsanyi Z, Darke AC "Steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone and hydromorphone-3-glucuronide in cancer patients after immediate and controlled-release hydromorphone." J Clin Pharmacol 35 (1995): 37-44
  40. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  41. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  42. Beckett AH, Vaughan DP, Essien EE "N-Oxidation--an important route in the metabolism of methadone in man." J Pharm Pharmacol 24 (1972): 244
  43. Beckett AH, Taylor JF, Casy AF, Hassan MM "The biotransformation of methadone in man: synthesis and identification of a major metabolite." J Pharm Pharmacol 20 (1968): 754-62
  44. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  45. Dershwitz M, Randel GI, Rosow CE, Fragen RJ, Connors PM, Librojo ES, Shaw DL, Peng AW, Jamerson BD "Initial clinical experience with remifentanil, a new opioid metabolized by esterases." Anesth Analg 81 (1995): 619-23
  46. Dershwitz M, Hoke JF, Rosow CE, Michalowski P, Connors PM, Muir KT, Dienstag JL "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease." Anesthesiology 84 (1996): 812-20
  47. Westmoreland CL, Hoke JF, Sebel PS, Hug CC Jr, Muir KT "Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery." Anesthesiology 79 (1993): 893-903
  48. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  49. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  50. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  51. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  52. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  53. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  54. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  55. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  56. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  57. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  58. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  59. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 59 references
Major

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) prematurity

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Prematurity/Underweight in Infancy

The use of narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents is contraindicated in premature infants. These agents may cross the immature blood-brain barrier to a greater extent than in adults, resulting in disproportionate respiratory depression.

References

  1. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  2. "Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel"
Major

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) acute alcohol intoxication

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility.

The use of opiate agonists is contraindicated in patients with acute alcohol intoxication exhibiting depressed vital signs. The central nervous system depressant effects of opiate agonists may be additive with those of alcohol. Severe respiratory depression and death may occur. Therapy with opiate agonists should be administered cautiously in patients who might be prone to acute alcohol intake.

References

  1. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  7. "Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel"
  8. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  9. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  10. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  11. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  15. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 16 references
Major

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) drug dependence

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Alcoholism, Drug Abuse/Dependence

Opiate agonists have the potential to cause dependence and abuse. Tolerance as well as physical and psychological dependence can develop after prolonged use. Abrupt cessation, reduction in dosage, or administration of an opiate antagonist such as naloxone may precipitate withdrawal symptoms. In patients who have developed tolerance to an opiate agonist, overdosage can still produce respiratory depression and death, and cross-tolerance usually will occur with other agents in the class. Addiction-prone individuals, such as those with a history of alcohol or substance abuse, should be under careful surveillance or medical supervision when treated with opiate agonists. It may be prudent to refrain from dispensing large quantities of medication to these patients. After prolonged use or if dependency is suspected, withdrawal of opiate therapy should be undertaken gradually using a dosage-tapering schedule.

References

  1. Fishbain DA, Goldberg M, Rosomoff RS, Rosomoff H "Atypical withdrawal syndrome (organic delusional syndrome) secondary to oxycodone detoxification ." J Clin Psychopharmacol 8 (1988): 441-2
  2. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  6. Miser AW, Chayt KJ, Sandlund JT, Cohen PS, Dothage JA, Miser JS "Narcotic withdrawal syndrome in young adults after the therapeutic use of opiates." Am J Dis Child 140 (1986): 603-4
  7. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  8. Morrison AB "Toxicity and abuse of hydrocodone bitartrate." Can Med Assoc J 120 (1979): 1338
  9. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  10. Azorlosa JL, Stitzer ML, Greenwald MK "Opioid physical dependence development - effects of single versus repeated morphine pretreatments and of subjects opioid exposure history." Psychopharmacology (Berl) 114 (1994): 71-80
  11. Strode SW "Propoxyphene dependence and withdrawal." Am Fam Physician 32 (1985): 105-8
  12. Wall R, Linford SM, Akhter MI "Addiction to Distalgesic (dextropropoxyphene)." Br Med J 280 (1980): 1213-4
  13. Salguero CH, Villarreal JE, Hug CC Jr, Domino EF "Propoxyphene dependence." JAMA 210 (1969): 135-6
  14. Claghorn JL, Schoolar JC "Propoxyphene hydrochloride, a drug of abuse." JAMA 196 (1966): 1089-91
  15. Whittington RM "Dextropropoxyphene addiction." Lancet 2 (1979): 743-4
  16. Collins GB, Kiefer KS "Propoxyphene dependence: an update." Postgrad Med 70 (1981): 57-61
  17. Ng B, Alvear M "Dextropropoxyphene addiction--a drug of primary abuse." Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 19 (1993): 153-8
  18. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  20. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  21. Hedenmalm K "A case of severe withdrawal syndrome due to dextropropoxyphene." Ann Intern Med 123 (1995): 473
  22. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  26. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 27 references
Major

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) gastrointestinal obstruction

Major Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility.

Opioid agonists are contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus.

References

  1. "Product Information. Ultram (tramadol)." McNeil Pharmaceutical PROD (2001):
  2. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  3. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone)." KemPharm, Inc (2018):
View all 4 references
Major

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) hypotension

Major Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Shock, Dehydration

Opiate agonists can induce vasodilation and significant hypotension, particularly when given in high dosages and/or by rapid intravenous administration. Opiate analgesics cause vasodilatation that may exacerbate hypotension and hypoperfusion and, therefore, are contraindicated in circulatory shock. At therapeutic analgesic dosages, ambulatory patients are more likely to experience dizziness and hypotension than patients who are confined to bed. However, orthostatic hypotension may occur in supine patients upon rising. Therapy with opiate agonists should be administered cautiously and initiated at reduced dosages in patients with hypovolemia, or a predisposition to hypotension. When given by intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, clinicians should also be aware that impaired perfusion in these patients may prevent complete absorption of the drug. With repeated injections, an excessive amount may be absorbed suddenly if normal circulation is reestablished.

References

  1. Parke TJ, Nandi PR, Bird KJ, Jewkes DA "Profound hypotension following intravenous codeine phosphate: three case reports and some recommendations." Anaesthesia 47 (1992): 852-4
  2. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  7. Sebel PS, Bovill JG, Boekhorst RA, Rog N "Cardiovascular effects of high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 26 (1982): 308-15
  8. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  9. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  11. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  13. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  14. Cox RG "Hypoxaemia and hypotension after intravenous codeine phosphate." Can J Anaesth 41 (1994): 1211-3
  15. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  22. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  24. "Product Information. DepoDur (morphine liposomal)." Endo Laboratories LLC (2004):
  25. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
  26. "Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone)." KemPharm, Inc (2018):
View all 26 references
Major

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) intracranial pressure

Major Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Head Injury, Brain/Intracranial Tumor, Cerebral Vascular Disorder

The hypoventilation associated with administration of opiate agonists, particularly by the intravenous route, can induce cerebral hypoxia and vasodilatation with resultant increase in intracranial pressure. Opiate agonists should not be used in patients with suspected or known head injury or increased intracranial pressure. Also, clinicians treating such patients should be aware that opiate agonists may interfere with the evaluation of CNS function, especially with respect to consciousness levels, respiratory status, and pupillary changes.

References

  1. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  9. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  11. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  12. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  14. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  19. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. DepoDur (morphine liposomal)." Endo Laboratories LLC (2004):
  22. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
  23. "Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone)." KemPharm, Inc (2018):
View all 23 references
Major

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) respiratory depression

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Altered Consciousness, Asphyxia, Brain/Intracranial Tumor, Cerebral Vascular Disorder, Head Injury, Pulmonary Impairment, Respiratory Arrest

Opiate agonists may produce significant central nervous system and respiratory depression of varying duration, particularly when given in high dosages and/or by rapid intravenous administration. Apnea may result from decreased respiratory drive as well as increased airway resistance, and rigidity of respiratory muscles may occur during rapid IV administration or when these agents are used in the induction of anesthesia. At therapeutic analgesic dosages, the respiratory effects are usually not clinically important except in patients with preexisting pulmonary impairment. Therapy with opiate agonists should be avoided or administered with extreme caution and initiated at reduced dosages in patients with severe CNS depression; sleep apnea; hypoxia, anoxia, or hypercapnia; upper airway obstruction; chronic pulmonary insufficiency; a limited ventilatory reserve; or other respiratory disorders. In the presence of excessive respiratory secretions, the use of opiate agonists may also be problematic because they decrease ciliary activity and reduce the cough reflex. Caution is also advised in patients who may be at increased risk for respiratory depression, such as comatose patients or those with head injury, intracranial lesions, or intracranial hypertension. Clinical monitoring of pulmonary function is recommended, and equipment for resuscitation should be immediately available if parenteral or neuraxial routes are used. Naloxone may be administered to reverse clinically significant respiratory depression, which may be prolonged depending on the opioid agent, cumulative dose, and route of administration.

References

  1. Redpath JB, Pleuvry BJ "Double-blind comparison of the respiratory and sedative effects of codeine phosphate and (+/-)-glaucine phosphate in human volunteers." Br J Clin Pharmacol 14 (1982): 555-8
  2. Rigg JR, Ilsley AH, Vedig AE "Relationship of ventilatory depression to steady-state blood pethidine concentrations." Br J Anaesth 53 (1981): 613-9
  3. Samuels SI, Rabinov W "Difficulty reversing drug-induced coma in a patient with sleep apnea." Anesth Analg 65 (1986): 1222-4
  4. Elloway R, Sherman S, Maas L, et al. "Meperidine-induced bronchospasm." Gastrointest Endosc 38 (1992): 93
  5. Kreek MJ, Hartman N "Chronic use of opioids and antipsychotic drugs: side effects, effects on endogenous opioids, and toxicity." Ann N Y Acad Sci 398 (1982): 151-72
  6. Bellville JW, Forrest WH, Elashoff J, Laska E "Evaluating side effects of analgesics in a cooperative clinical study." Clin Pharmacol Ther 9 (1968): 303-13
  7. Bigler D, Eriksen J, Christensen CB "Prolonged respiratory depression caused by slow release morphine." Lancet 06/30/84 (1984): 1477
  8. Covington EC, Gonsalves-Ebrahim L, Currie KO, et al. "Severe respiratory depression from patient-controlled analgesia in renal failure." Psychosomatics 30 (1989): 226-8
  9. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  10. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  11. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  12. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  13. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  14. Sackner MA "Effects of hydrocodone bitartrate on breathing pattern of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive lung disease." Mt Sinai J Med 51 (1984): 222-6
  15. Comstock MK, Carter JG, Moyers JR, Stevens WC "Rigidity and hypercarbia associated with high dose fentanyl induction of anesthesia." Anesth Analg 60 (1981): 362-3
  16. Eisenach JC "Respiratory depression following intrathecal opioids." Anesthesiology 75 (1991): 712
  17. Palmer CM "Early respiratory depression following intrathecal fentanyl-morphine combination." Anesthesiology 74 (1991): 1153-5
  18. Brockway MS, Noble DW, Sharwood-Smith GH, McClure JH "Profound respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl." Br J Anaesth 64 (1990): 243-5
  19. Harper MH, Hickey RF, Cromwell TH, Linwood S "The magnitude and duration of respiratory depression produced by fentanyl and fentanyl plus droperidol in man." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 199 (1976): 464-8
  20. Varrassi G, Celleno D, Capogna G, et al. "Ventilatory effects of subarachnoid fentanyl in the elderly." Anaesthesia 47 (1992): 558-62
  21. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  22. Ogawa K, Iranami H, Yoshiyama T, Maeda H, Hatano Y "Severe respiratory depression after epidural morphine in a patient with myotonic dystrophy." Can J Anaesth 40 (1993): 968-70
  23. Noble DW, Morrison LM, Brockway MS, Mcclure JH "Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl." Br J Anaesth 72 (1994): 251
  24. Houghton IT, Aun CST, Wong YC, Chan K, Lau JTF, Oh TE "The respiratory depressant effect of morphine - a comparative study in three ethnic groups." Anaesthesia 49 (1994): 197-201
  25. Jackson FW "Fentanyl and the wooden chest." Gastroenterology 106 (1994): 820-1
  26. Etches RC "Respiratory depression associated with patient-controlled analgesia - a review of eight cases." Can J Anaesth 41 (1994): 125-32
  27. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  28. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  29. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  30. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  31. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  32. Sandler AN, Baxter AD, Katz J, Samson B, Friedlander M, Norman P, Koren G, Roger S, Hull K, Klein J "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of transdermal fentanyl after abdominal hysterectomy: analgesic, respiratory, and pharmacokinetic effects." Anesthesiology 81 (1994): 1169-80
  33. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  34. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  35. Hudson RJ "Apnoea and unconsciousness after apparent recovery from alfentanil- supplemented anaesthesia." Can J Anaesth 37 (1990): 255-7
  36. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  37. Morley AD "Profound respiratory depression with morphine patient-controlled analgesia in an elderly patient." Anaesth Intensive Care 24 (1996): 287
  38. Amin HM, Sopchak AM, Esposito BF, Henson LG, Batenhorst RL, Fox AW, Camporesi EM "Naloxone-induced and spontaneous reversal of depressed ventilatory responses to hypoxia during and after continuous infusion of remifentanil or alfentanil." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274 (1995): 34-9
  39. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  40. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  41. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  42. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  43. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  44. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  45. "Product Information. DepoDur (morphine liposomal)." Endo Laboratories LLC (2004):
  46. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
  47. "Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone)." KemPharm, Inc (2018):
View all 47 references
Major

Sympathomimetics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) cardiovascular disease

Major Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Cerebrovascular Insufficiency, Hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma

Sympathomimetic agents may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, particularly when used in high dosages and/or in susceptible patients. In cardiac tissues, these agents may produce positive chronotropic and inotropic effects via stimulation of beta- 1 adrenergic receptors. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and the work of the heart may be increased. In the peripheral vasculature, vasoconstriction may occur via stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension, reflex bradycardia, coronary occlusion, cerebral vasculitis, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and death have been reported. Some of these agents, particularly ephedra alkaloids (ephedrine, ma huang, phenylpropanolamine), may also predispose patients to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should generally be avoided or administered cautiously in patients with sensitivity to sympathomimetic amines, hyperthyroidism, or underlying cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disorders. These agents should not be used in patients with severe coronary artery disease or severe/uncontrolled hypertension.

References

  1. Humberstone PM "Hypertension from cold remedies." Br Med J 1 (1969): 846
  2. Mariani PJ "Pseudoephedrine-induced hypertensive emergency: treatment with labetalol." Am J Emerg Med 4 (1986): 141-2
  3. Rosen RA "Angina associated with pseudoephedrine ." Ann Emerg Med 10 (1981): 230-1
  4. Wiener I, Tilkian AG, Palazzolo M "Coronary artery spasm and myocardial infarction in a patient with normal coronary arteries: temporal relationship to pseudoephedrine ingestion." Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 20 (1990): 51-3
  5. Gordon RD, Ballantine DM, Bachmann AW "Effects of repeated doses of pseudoephedrine on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in normal subjects and in patients with phaeochromocytoma." Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 19 (1992): 287-90
  6. Loizou LA, Hamilton JG, Tsementzis SA "Intracranial haemorrhage in association with pseudoephedrine overdose." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45 (1982): 471-2
  7. Dickerson J, Perrier D, Mayersohn M, Bressler R "Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of L (+) pseudoephedrine capsules in man." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 14 (1978): 253-9
  8. Wooten MR, Khangure MS, Murphy MJ "Intracerebral hemorrhage and vasculitis related to ephedrine abuse." Ann Neurol 13 (1983): 337-40
  9. To LB, Sangster JF, Rampling D, Cammens I "Ephedrine-induced cardiomyopathy." Med J Aust 2 (1980): 35-6
  10. Bruno A, Nolte KB, Chapin J "Stroke associated with ephedrine use." Neurology 43 (1993): 1313-6
  11. Stoessl AJ, Young GB, Feasby TE "Intracerebral haemorrhage and angiographic beading following ingestion of catecholaminergics." Stroke 16 (1985): 734-6
  12. Covington TR, eds., Lawson LC, Young LL "Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs." Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association (1993):
  13. "Product Information. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
  14. Kizer KW "Intracranial hemorrhage associated with overdose of decongestant containing phenylpropanolamine" Am J Emerg Med 2 (1984): 180-1
  15. Edwards M, Russo L, Harwood-Nuss A "Cerebral infarction with a single oral dose of phenylpropanolamine." Am J Emerg Med 5 (1987): 163-4
  16. Lake CR, Gallant S, Masson E, Miller P "Adverse drug effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine: a review of 142 case reports." Am J Med 89 (1990): 195-208
  17. Lake CR, Zaloga G, Bray J, Rosenberg D, Chernow B "Transient hypertension after two phenylpropanolamine diet aids and the effects of caffeine: a placebo-controlled follow-up study." Am J Med 86 (1989): 427-32
  18. Lake CR, Zaloga G, Clymer R, Quirk RM, Chernow B "A double dose of phenylpropanolamine causes transient hypertension." Am J Med 85 (1988): 339-43
  19. Bernstein E, Diskant BM "Phenylpropanolamine: a potentially hazardous drug." Ann Emerg Med 11 (1982): 311-5
  20. Kroenke K, Omori DM, Simmons JO, Wood DR, Meier NJ "The safety of phenylpropanolamine in patients with stable hypertension." Ann Intern Med 111 (1989): 1043-4
  21. Pentel PR, Mikell FL, Zavoral JH "Myocardial injury after phenylpropanolamine ingestion." Br Heart J 47 (1982): 51-4
  22. Howrie DL, Wolfson JH "Phenylpropanolamine-induced hypertensive seizures." J Pediatr 102 (1983): 143-5
  23. Horowitz JD, Lang WJ, Howes LG, Fennessy MR, Christophidis N, Rand MJ, Louis WJ "Hypertensive responses induced by phenylpropanolamine in anorectic and decongestant preparations." Lancet 1 (1980): 60-1
  24. Johnson DA, Etter HS, Reeves DM "Stroke and phenylpropanolamine use" Lancet 2 (1983): 970
  25. McEwen J "Phenylpropanolamine-associated hypertension after the use of "over- the-counter" appetite-suppressant products." Med J Aust 2 (1983): 71-3
  26. Elliott CF, Whyte JC "Phenylpropanolamine and hypertension." Med J Aust 1 (1981): 715
  27. Maher LM, Peterson PL, Dela-Cruz C "Postpartum intracranial hemorrhage and phenylpropanolamine use" Neurology 37 (1987): 1686
  28. Kase CS, Foster TE, Reed JE, Spatz EL, Girgis GN "Intracerebral hemorrhage and phenylpropanolamine use." Neurology 37 (1987): 399-404
  29. Kikta DG, Devereaux MW, Chandar K "Intracranial hemorrhages due to phenylpropanolamine." Stroke 16 (1985): 510-2
  30. Clark JE, Simon WA "Cardiac arrhythmias after phenylpropanolamine ingestion." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 17 (1983): 737-8
  31. Noble R "A controlled clinical trial of the cardiovascular and psychological effects of phenylpropanolamine and caffeine." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 22 (1988): 296-9
  32. O'Connell MB, Gross CR "The effect of multiple doses of phenylpropanolamine on the blood pressure of patients whose hypertension was controlled with beta blockers." Pharmacotherapy 11 (1991): 376-81
  33. O'Connell MB, Gross CR "The effect of single-dose phenylpropanolamine on blood pressure in patients with hypertension controlled by beta blockers." Pharmacotherapy 10 (1990): 85-91
  34. Chin C, Choy M "Cardiomyopathy induced by phenylpropanolamine." J Pediatr 123 (1993): 825-7
  35. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  36. Lee KY, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R "Severe hypertension after ingestion of an appetite suppressant (phenylpropanolamine) with indomethacin." Lancet 1 (1979): 1110-1
  37. Gibson GJ, Warrell DA "Hypertensive crises and phenylpropanolamine." Lancet 2 (1972): 492-3
  38. Frewin DB "Phenylpropanolamine. How safe is it?" Med J Aust 2 (1983): 54-5
  39. Lee KY, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R "Severe hypertension after administration of phenylpropanolamine" Med J Aust 1 (1979): 525-6
  40. Horowitz JD, McNeil JJ, Sweet B, Mendelsohn FA, Louis WJ "Hypertension and postural hypotension induced by phenylpropanolamine (Trimolets)." Med J Aust 1 (1979): 175-6
  41. Frewin DB, Leonello PP, Frewin ME "Hypertension after ingestion of Trimolets." Med J Aust 2 (1978): 497-8
  42. Teh AY "Phenylpropanolamine and hypertension" Med J Aust 2 (1979): 425-6
  43. Shapiro SR "Hypertension due to anorectic agent." N Engl J Med 280 (1969): 1363
  44. Maher LM, Peterson PL, Dela-Cruz C "Postpartum intracranial hemorrhage and phenylpropanolamine use." Neurology 37 (1987): 1886,1890
  45. Fallis RJ, Fisher M "Cerebral vasculitis and hemorrhage associated with phenylpropanolamine." Neurology 35 (1985): 405-7
  46. Caperton E "Raynaud's phenomenon. Role of diet pills and cold remedies." Postgrad Med 73 (1983): 291-2
  47. McDowell JR, LeBlanc HJ "Phenylpropanolamine and cerebral hemorrhage." West J Med 142 (1985): 688-91
  48. Williams DM "Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride" Am Pharm NS30 (1990): 47-50
  49. Dowse R, Scherzinger SS, Kanfer I "Serum concentrations of phenylpropanolamine and associated effects on blood pressure in normotensive subjects: a pilot-study." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 28 (1990): 205-10
  50. Pentel PR, Aaron C, Paya C "Therapeutic doses of phenylpropanolamine increase supine systolic blood pressure." Int J Obes 9 (1985): 115-9
  51. Finton CK, Barton M, Chernow B "Possible adverse effects of phenylpropanolamine (diet pills) on sympathetic nervous system function--caveat emptor!" Mil Med 147 (1982): 1072
  52. "Product Information. Adrenalin (EPINEPHrine)." Apothecon Inc (2022):
  53. Leo PJ, Hollander JE, Shih RD, Marcus SM "Phenylpropanolamine and associated myocardial injury." Ann Emerg Med 28 (1996): 359-62
  54. Gill ND, Shield A, Blazevich AJ, Zhou S, Weatherby RP "Muscular and cardiorespiratory effects of pseudoephedrine in human athletes." Br J Clin Pharmacol 50 (2000): 205-13
  55. Haller CA, Benowitz NL "Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids." N Engl J Med 343 (2000): 1833-8
  56. Mansoor GA "Herbs and alternative therapies in the hypertension clinic." Am J Hypertens 14(9 Pt 1) (2001): 971-5
  57. Samenuk D, Link MS, Homoud MK, et al. "Adverse cardiovascular events temporally associated with ma huang, an herbal source of ephedrine." Mayo Clin Proc 77 (2002): 12-6
  58. "Product Information. Akovaz (ephedrine)." Eclat Pharmaceuticals (2016):
View all 58 references
Moderate

Acetaminophen (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) PKU

Moderate Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Phenylketonuria

Several oral acetaminophen and acetaminophen-combination products, particularly flavored chewable tablets, contain the artificial sweetener, aspartame (NutraSweet). Aspartame is converted to phenylalanine in the gastrointestinal tract following ingestion. Chewable and effervescent formulations of acetaminophen products may also contain phenylalanine. The aspartame/phenylalanine content should be considered when these products are used in patients who must restrict their intake of phenylalanine (i.e. phenylketonurics).

References

  1. "Product Information. Tylenol (acetaminophen)." McNeil Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
Moderate

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) adrenal insufficiency

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility.

Patients with Addison's disease may have increased risk of respiratory depression and prolonged CNS depression associated with the use of narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents. Conversely, these agents may cause or potentiate adrenal insufficiency. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously and initiated at reduced dosages in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency. Subsequent doses should be titrated based on individual response rather than a fixed dosing schedule.

References

  1. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Roxanol (morphine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  7. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  8. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  9. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  11. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  13. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol nasal)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  23. Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Isselbacher KJ, Longo DL, Martin JB, eds., Wilson JD "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine." New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Health Professionals Division (1998):
  24. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  25. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Olinvyk (oliceridine)." Trevena Inc (2020):
View all 27 references
Moderate

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) biliary spasm

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Biliary Obstruction, Gallbladder Disease

Narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents increase smooth muscle tone in the biliary tract, which can lead to spasm in the sphincter of Oddi causing biliary colic. Increase in serum amylase levels has also been reported. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously in patients with biliary tracts disease, gallbladder disease and acute pancreatitis.

References

  1. Jones RM, Fiddian-Green R, Knight PR "Narcotic-induced choledochoduodenal sphincter spasm reversed by glucagon." Anesth Analg 59 (1980): 946-7
  2. Hey VM, Ostick DG, Mazumder JK, Lord WD "Pethidine, metoclopramide and the gastro-oesophageal sphincter." Anaesthesia 36 (1981): 173-6
  3. Lang DW, Pilon RN "Naloxone reversal of morphine-induced biliary colic." Anesth Analg 59 (1980): 619-20
  4. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  7. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  9. McCammon RL, Viegas OJ, Stoelting RK, Dryden GE "Naloxone reversal of choledochoduodenal sphincter spasm associated with narcotic administration." Anesthesiology 48 (1978): 437
  10. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  11. Zsigmond EK, Vieira ZEG, Duarte B, Renigers SA, Hirota K "Double-blind placebo-controlled ultrasonographic confirmation of constriction of the common bile duct by morphine." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 31 (1993): 506-9
  12. Ford MJ, Kellett RJ, Busuttil A, Finlayson ND "Dextropropoxyphene and jaundice." Br Med J 2 (1977): 674
  13. Daikos GK, Kosmidis JC "Propoxyphene jaundice." JAMA 232 (1975): 835
  14. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  16. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  18. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  19. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol nasal)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  28. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  29. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  30. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  31. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 31 references
Moderate

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) renal dysfunction

Moderate Potential Hazard, High plausibility.

Although narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents are generally metabolized by the liver, renal impairment can alter the elimination of these agents and their metabolites (some of which are pharmacologically active), resulting in drug accumulation and increased risk of toxicity. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously and initiated at reduced dosages in patients with significantly impaired renal function. Subsequent doses should be titrated based on individual response rather than a fixed dosing schedule.

References

  1. Findlay JW, Butz RF, Welch RM "Codeine kinetics as determined by radioimmunoassay." Clin Pharmacol Ther 22 (1977): 439-46
  2. Barnes JN, Williams AJ, Tomson MJ, et al. "Dihydrocodeine in renal failure: further evidence for an important role of the kidney in the handling of opioid drugs." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 290 (1985): 740-2
  3. Matske GR, Chan GL, Abraham PA "Codeine dosage in renal failure." Clin Pharm 5 (1986): 15-6
  4. Guy DR, Awni WM, Findlay JW, et al. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of codeine in end-stage renal disease." Clin Pharmacol Ther 43 (1988): 63-71
  5. Charuvastra VC, Ouren J "Renal failure and treatment of a methadone maintenance patient." Med J Aust 09/24/77 (1977): 433-4
  6. Verbeeck RK, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR "Drug metabolites in renal failure: pharmacokinetic and clinical implications." Clin Pharmacokinet 6 (1981): 329-45
  7. Drayer DE "Active drug metabolites and renal failure." Am J Med 62 (1977): 486-9
  8. Drayer DE "Pharmacologically active drug metabolites: therapeutic and toxic activities, plasma and urine data in man, accumulation in renal failure." Clin Pharmacokinet 1 (1976): 426-43
  9. Parab PV, Ritschel WA, Coyle DE, et al. "Pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone after intravenous, peroral and rectal administration to human subjects." Biopharm Drug Dispos 9 (1988): 187-99
  10. Hill HF, Coda BA, Tanaka A, Schaffer R "Multiple-dose evaluation of intravenous hydromorphone pharmacokinetics in normal human subjects." Anesth Analg 72 (1991): 330-6
  11. Poyhia R, Seppala T, Olkkola KT, Kalso E "The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oxycodone after intramuscular and oral administration to healthy subjects." Br J Clin Pharmacol 33 (1992): 617-21
  12. Wolff J, Bigler D, Christensen CB, et al. "Influence of renal function on the elimination of morphine and morphine glucoronides." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34 (1988): 353-7
  13. Covington EC, Gonsalves-Ebrahim L, Currie KO, et al. "Severe respiratory depression from patient-controlled analgesia in renal failure." Psychosomatics 30 (1989): 226-8
  14. Poyhia R, Olkkola KT, Seppala T, Kalso E "The pharmacokinetics of oxycodone after intravenous injection in adults." Br J Clin Pharmacol 32 (1991): 516-8
  15. Glare PA, Walsh TD "Clinical pharmacokinetics of morphine." Ther Drug Monit 13 (1991): 1-23
  16. Gram LF, Schou J, Way WL, et al. "delta-Propoxyphene kinetics after single oral and intravenous doses in man." Clin Pharmacol Ther 26 (1979): 473-82
  17. Bechtel WD, Sinterhauf K "Plasma level and renal excretion of [3H] codeine phosphate in man and in the dog." Arzneimittelforschung 28 (1978): 308-11
  18. Wolfert AI, Sica DA "Narcotic usage in renal failure." Int J Artif Organs 11 (1988): 411-5
  19. Inturrisi CE "Disposition of narcotics in patients with renal disease." Am J Med 62 (1977): 528-9
  20. Chan K, Jennings F, Orme ML "Pharmacokinetics of low-dose intravenous pethidine in patients with renal dysfunction." J Clin Pharmacol 27 (1987): 516-22
  21. Chauvin M, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, Farinotti R, Strumza P, Duvaldestin P "Morphine pharmacokinetics in renal failure." Anesthesiology 66 (1987): 327-31
  22. Aitkenhead AR, Vater M, Achola K, Cooper CM, Smith G "Pharmacokinetics of single-dose i.v. morphine in normal volunteers and patients with end-stage renal failure." Br J Anaesth 56 (1984): 813-9
  23. Sawe J, Odar-Cederlof I "Kinetics of morphine in patients with renal failure." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 32 (1987): 377-82
  24. Baselt RC, Casarett LJ "Urinary excretion of methadone in man." Clin Pharmacol Ther 13 (1972): 64-70
  25. Kreek MJ, Schecter AJ, Gutjahr CL, et al. "Methadone use in patients with chronic renal failure." Drug Alcohol Depend 5 (1980): 197-205
  26. Leow KP, Smith MT, Williams B, Cramond T "Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxycodone in patients with cancer." Clin Pharmacol Ther 52 (1992): 487-95
  27. Leow KP, Smith MT, Watt JA, Williams BE, Cramond T "Comparative oxycodone pharmacokinetics in humans after intravenous, oral, and rectal administration." Ther Drug Monit 14 (1992): 479-84
  28. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  29. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  30. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  31. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  32. Dixon R, Crews T, Inturrisi C, Foley K "Levorphanol: pharmacokinetics and steady-state plasma concentrations in patients with pain." Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 41 (1983): 3-17
  33. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  34. Hanna MH, D'Costa F, Peat SJ, Fung C, Venkat N, Zilkha TR, Davies S "Morphine-6-glucuronide disposition in renal impairment." Br J Anaesth 70 (1993): 511-4
  35. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  36. Gibson TP, Giacomini KM, Briggs WA, Whitman W, Levy G "Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene plasma concentrations in the anephric patient." Clin Pharmacol Ther 27 (1980): 665-70
  37. Flanagan RJ, Johnston A, White AS, Crome P "Pharmacokinetics of dextropropoxyphene and nordextropropoxyphene in young and elderly volunteers after single and multiple dextropropoxyphene dosage." Br J Clin Pharmacol 28 (1989): 463-9
  38. Giacomini KM, Gibson TP, Levy G "Plasma protein binding of d-propoxyphene in normal subjects and anephric patients." J Clin Pharmacol 18 (1978): 106-9
  39. Sjogren P, Dragsted L, Christensen CB "Myoclonic spasms during treatment with high doses of intravenous morphine in renal failure." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37 (1993): 780-2
  40. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  41. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  42. Dhonneur G, Gilton A, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, Duvaldestin P "Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of morphine and morphine glucuronides after oral morphine - the influence of renal failure." Anesthesiology 81 (1994): 87-93
  43. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  44. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  45. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  46. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  47. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  48. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  49. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  50. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  51. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  52. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  53. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  54. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  55. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  56. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  57. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 57 references
Moderate

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) seizure disorders

Moderate Potential Hazard, Low plausibility. Applicable conditions: Seizures

Narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents may exacerbate seizures in patients with seizure disorders and, at higher dosages, have been reported to induce seizures in patients without previous history of seizures. The proconvulsant activity may be the greatest with meperidine, the active metabolite of which is thought to be responsible. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously in patients with or predisposed to seizures.

References

  1. Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinski PY, et al. "Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients." Ann Neurol 13 (1983): 180-5
  2. Goetting MG, Thirman MJ "Neurotoxicity of meperidine." Ann Emerg Med 14 (1985): 1007-9
  3. Mauro VF, Bonfiglio MF, Spunt AL "Meperidine-induced seizure in a patient without renal dysfunction or sickle cell anemia." Clin Pharm 5 (1986): 837-9
  4. Reutens DC, Stewart-Wynne EG "Norpethidine induced myoclonus in a patient with renal failure." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52 (1989): 1450-1
  5. Armstrong PJ, Bersten A "Normeperidine toxicity." Anesth Analg 65 (1986): 536-8
  6. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  8. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  9. "Product Information. Roxanol (morphine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2002):
  10. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  11. Babul N, Darke AC "Putative role of hydromorphone metabolites in myoclonus." Pain 51 (1992): 260-1
  12. Hagmeyer KO, Mauro LS, Mauro VF "Meperidine-related seizures associated with patient-controlled analgesia pumps." Ann Pharmacother 27 (1993): 29-32
  13. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  14. Sebel PS, Bovill JG "Fentanyl and convulsions." Anesth Analg 62 (1983): 858-9
  15. Rao TL, Mummaneni N, El-Etr AA "Convulsions: an unusual response to intravenous fentanyl administration." Anesth Analg 61 (1982): 1020-1
  16. Goroszeniuk T, Albin M, Jones RM "Generalized grand mal seizure after recovery from uncomplicated fentanyl-etomidate anesthesia." Anesth Analg 65 (1986): 979-81
  17. Hoien AO "Another case of grand mal seizure after fentanyl administration." Anesthesiology 60 (1984): 387-8
  18. Safwat AM, Daniel D "Grand mal seizure after fentanyl administration." Anesthesiology 59 (1983): 78
  19. Smith NT, Benthuysen JL, Bickford RG, Sanford TJ, Blasco T, Duke PC, Head N, Dec-Silver H "Seizures during opioid anesthetic induction--are they opioid-induced rigidity?" Anesthesiology 71 (1989): 852-62
  20. Benthuysen JL, Stanley TH "Concerning the possible nature of reported fentanyl seizures." Anesthesiology 62 (1985): 205
  21. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  22. Stone PA, Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA "Norpethidine toxicity and patient controlled analgesia." Br J Anaesth 71 (1993): 738-40
  23. Sjogren P, Dragsted L, Christensen CB "Myoclonic spasms during treatment with high doses of intravenous morphine in renal failure." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 37 (1993): 780-2
  24. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  26. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  28. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  30. Strong WE, Matson M "Probable seizure after alfentanil." Anesth Analg 68 (1989): 692-3
  31. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  32. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  33. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  34. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  35. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol nasal)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  36. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  37. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  38. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  39. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  40. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  41. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  42. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  43. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  44. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 44 references
Moderate

Narcotic analgesics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) urinary retention

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility.

Narcotic (opioid) analgesic agents may inhibit the urinary voiding reflex and increase the tone of the vesical sphincter in the bladder. Acute urinary retention requiring catheterization may occur, particularly in patients with prostatic hypertrophy or urethral stricture and in elderly patients. These agents may also decrease urine production via direct effects on the kidney and central stimulation of the release of vasopressin. Therapy with opioids should be administered cautiously in patients with or predisposed to urinary retention and/or oliguria. The effects on smooth muscle tone appear to be the most pronounced with morphine.

References

  1. Kreek MJ, Hartman N "Chronic use of opioids and antipsychotic drugs: side effects, effects on endogenous opioids, and toxicity." Ann N Y Acad Sci 398 (1982): 151-72
  2. Petersen TK, Husted SE, Rybro L, et al. "Urinary retention during I.M. and extradural morphine analgesia." Br J Anaesth 54 (1982): 1175-8
  3. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Roxanol (morphine)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2002):
  7. Petros JG, Mallen JK, Howe K, Rimm EB, Robillard RJ "Patient-controlled analgesia and postoperative urinary retention after open appendectomy." Surg Gynecol Obstet 177 (1993): 172-5
  8. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  9. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  10. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  11. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  12. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  13. "Product Information. Fentanyl Oralet (fentanyl)." Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
  14. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  15. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  21. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol nasal)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  22. "Product Information. Nubain (nalbuphine)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  23. "Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine)." Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceuticals Inc PROD (2001):
  24. "Product Information. Talwin NX (pentazocine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  25. "Product Information. Stadol (butorphanol)." Allscrips Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  26. "Product Information. Dalgan (dezocine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  27. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  28. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
  29. "Product Information. Orlaam (levomethadyl acetate)." Roxane Laboratories Inc PROD (2001):
  30. "Product Information. Nucynta (tapentadol)." PriCara Pharmaceuticals (2009):
View all 30 references
Moderate

Opiate agonists (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) arrhythmias

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility.

Opiate agonists have cholinergic activity. Large doses and/or rapid intravenous administration may produce bradycardia and arrhythmias via stimulation of medullary vagal nuclei. Therapy with opiate agonists should be administered cautiously in patients with a history of arrhythmias. Clinical monitoring of cardiovascular status is recommended during therapy.

References

  1. "Product Information. Calcidrine (codeine)." Abbott Pharmaceutical PROD (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Demerol (meperidine)." Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  3. "Product Information. Dolophine (methadone)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2002):
  4. "Product Information. MS Contin (morphine)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2002):
  5. "Product Information. Levo-Dromoran (levorphanol)." Roche Laboratories PROD (2001):
  6. Hilgenberg JC, Johantgen WC "Bradycardia after intravenous fentanyl during subarachnoid anesthesia." Anesth Analg 59 (1980): 162-3
  7. Blair JR, Pruett JK, Crumrine RS, Balser JJ "Prolongation of QT interval in association with the administration of large doses of opiates." Anesthesiology 67 (1987): 442-3
  8. Sebel PS, Bovill JG, Boekhorst RA, Rog N "Cardiovascular effects of high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia." Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 26 (1982): 308-15
  9. "Product Information. Dilaudid (hydromorphone)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  10. Heaney RM "Left bundle branch block associated with propoxyphene hydrochloride poisoning." Ann Emerg Med 12 (1983): 780-2
  11. "Product Information. Darvon (propoxyphene)." Lilly, Eli and Company PROD (2001):
  12. "Product Information. Duragesic Transdermal System (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
  13. "Product Information. Sublimaze (fentanyl)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  14. "Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  15. "Product Information. Sufenta (sufentanil)." Janssen Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  16. "Product Information. OxyContin (oxycodone)." Purdue Frederick Company PROD (2001):
  17. "Product Information. Ultiva (remifentanil)." Mylan Institutional (formally Bioniche Pharma USA Inc) PROD (2001):
  18. "Product Information. Kadian (morphine)." Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  19. "Product Information. Vicoprofen (hydrocodone-ibuprofen)." Knoll Pharmaceutical Company PROD (2001):
  20. "Product Information. Opium (opium)." Lilly, Eli and Company (2022):
  21. "Product Information. Numorphan (oxymorphone)." Endo Laboratories LLC PROD (2001):
View all 21 references
Moderate

Pseudoephedrine (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) GI narrowing

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Gastrointestinal Obstruction

The extended-release formulation of pseudoephedrine (Sudafed 24 Hour) contains a non-deformable material. There have been rare reports of obstructive symptoms in patients with known strictures following the ingestion of similar sustained-release products. Therapy with the extended-release formulation of pseudoephedrine should be administered cautiously in patients with preexisting severe gastrointestinal narrowing or obstruction, whether pathologic or iatrogenic.

References

  1. "Product Information. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
Moderate

Pseudoephedrine (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) PKU

Moderate Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Phenylketonuria

Chewable products frequently may contain aspartame, which is metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract to phenylalanine. Sudafed (brand of pseudoephedrine) chewable 15 mg tablets provide the equivalent of 0.78 mg of phenylalanine per each tablet. The aspartame/phenylalanine content should be considered when this and similar products are used in patients who must restrict their intake of phenylalanine (i.e. phenylketonurics).

References

  1. "Product Information. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
Moderate

Sympathomimetics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) BPH

Moderate Potential Hazard, High plausibility. Applicable conditions: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Prostate Tumor

Sympathomimetic agents may cause or worsen urinary difficulty in patients with prostate enlargement due to smooth muscle contraction in the bladder neck via stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should be administered cautiously in patients with hypertrophy or neoplasm of the prostate.

References

  1. Covington TR, eds., Lawson LC, Young LL "Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs." Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association (1993):
  2. "Product Information. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
  3. Williams DM "Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride" Am Pharm NS30 (1990): 47-50
  4. "Product Information. Akovaz (ephedrine)." Eclat Pharmaceuticals (2016):
View all 4 references
Moderate

Sympathomimetics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) diabetes

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Diabetes Mellitus

Sympathomimetic agents may cause increases in blood glucose concentrations. These effects are usually transient and slight but may be significant with dosages higher than those normally recommended. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should be administered cautiously in patients with diabetes mellitus. Closer monitoring of blood glucose concentrations may be appropriate.

References

  1. Covington TR, eds., Lawson LC, Young LL "Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs." Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association (1993):
  2. "Product Information. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
  3. American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; (1994):
  4. Williams DM "Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride" Am Pharm NS30 (1990): 47-50
  5. "Product Information. Adrenalin (EPINEPHrine)." Apothecon Inc (2022):
  6. "Product Information. Akovaz (ephedrine)." Eclat Pharmaceuticals (2016):
View all 6 references
Moderate

Sympathomimetics (applies to acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine) glaucoma

Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility. Applicable conditions: Glaucoma/Intraocular Hypertension

Sympathomimetic agents can induce transient mydriasis via stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. In patients with anatomically narrow angles or narrow-angle glaucoma, pupillary dilation can provoke an acute attack. In patients with other forms of glaucoma, mydriasis may occasionally increase intraocular pressure. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should be administered cautiously in patients with or predisposed to glaucoma, particularly narrow-angle glaucoma.

References

  1. Covington TR, eds., Lawson LC, Young LL "Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs." Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association (1993):
  2. "Product Information. Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
  3. Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW; Randall JA "Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects" Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann (2001):

Acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine drug interactions

There are 690 drug interactions with acetaminophen / codeine / guaifenesin / pseudoephedrine.

Acetaminophen/codeine/guaifenesin/pseudoephedrine alcohol/food interactions

There are 2 alcohol/food interactions with acetaminophen / codeine / guaifenesin / pseudoephedrine.


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More about acetaminophen / codeine / guaifenesin / pseudoephedrine

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Drug Interaction Classification

These classifications are only a guideline. The relevance of a particular drug interaction to a specific individual is difficult to determine. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medication.
Major Highly clinically significant. Avoid combinations; the risk of the interaction outweighs the benefit.
Moderate Moderately clinically significant. Usually avoid combinations; use it only under special circumstances.
Minor Minimally clinically significant. Minimize risk; assess risk and consider an alternative drug, take steps to circumvent the interaction risk and/or institute a monitoring plan.
Unknown No interaction information available.

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.