Skip to main content

Iletin II Lente Pork Side Effects

Generic name: insulin zinc

Note: This document provides detailed information about Iletin II Lente Pork Side Effects associated with insulin zinc. Some dosage forms listed on this page may not apply specifically to the brand name Iletin II Lente Pork.

Applies to insulin zinc: subcutaneous suspension.

Important warnings This medicine can cause some serious health issues

Know the signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which include shaking; nausea; headache; drowsiness; weakness; dizziness; fast heartbeat; sweating; pale, cool skin; anxiety; and difficulty concentrating.

Carry a piece of candy or glucose tablets with you to treat episodes of low blood sugar.

Follow any diet and exercise plan that you have developed with your doctor or nurse.

Changes in what you eat or how much you exercise can change the amount of insulin that you need to control your blood sugar levels.

Ask your doctor or nurse what to do if you are sick with a cold, flu, or fever.

These illnesses may change your insulin requirements.

Do not change the brand of insulin zinc or syringe that you are using without first talking to your doctor or pharmacist.

Some brands of insulin and syringes are interchangeable, while others are not. Your doctor and/or pharmacist know which brands can be substituted for one another.

Rarely, people have allergic reactions to insulin. Seek emergency medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of the throat; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; or hives).

The side effects of insulin therapy result mostly from blood sugar levels that are either too high or too low. You should be familiar with the symptoms of both high and low blood sugar levels and know how to treat both conditions. Also, be sure your family and close friends know how to help you in an emergency.

Low blood sugar may occur when too much insulin is used; when meals are missed or delayed; if you exercise more than usual; during illness, especially with vomiting or diarrhea; if you take other medications; after drinking alcohol; and in other situations.

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, has the following symptoms: shaking; nausea; headache; drowsiness; weakness; dizziness; fast heartbeat; sweating; pale, cool skin; anxiety; and difficulty concentrating.

Keep sugary candy, fruit juice, or glucose tablets on hand to treat episodes of low blood sugar.

Increased blood sugar may occur if not enough insulin is used, if you eat significantly more food then usual, if you exercise less than usual, if you take other medications, if you have a fever or other illness, and in other situations.

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, has the following symptoms: increased thirst, increased hunger, and increased urination.

Monitor your blood sugar levels and ask your doctor how to adjust your insulin doses if your blood sugar levels are too high.

Side effects may also occur at the site of injection. If the area becomes thickened, hard, or pitted, talk to your doctor before injecting at that site again.

Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome.

For healthcare professionals

Applies to insulin zinc: subcutaneous suspension.

General

General side effects have included weight gain, sometimes presenting as edema associated with abrupt restoration of glucose control in a patient whose control was previously poor. Weight gain may be due to more efficient use of calories during insulin therapy, suggesting additional benefits of dietary and exercise modifications. Patients on intensive insulin therapy may be more likely to experience weight gain.[Ref]

Intensive insulin therapy causes an increase in body fat as a result of the elimination of glycosuria and reduction in 24-hour energy expenditure. The reduction in 24-h energy expenditure is the result of an insulin-associated decrease in triglyceride/free fatty acid cycling and nonoxidative glucose and protein metabolism.[Ref]

Ocular

Ocular side effects have included reports of bilateral presbyopia (blurry vision) during the beginning of therapy. This was thought to be due to changes in the osmotic equilibrium between the lens and the ocular fluids, and was usually self-limited.[Ref]

Dermatologic

Dermatologic side effects have included lipohypertrophy (insulin is lipogenic) and lipoatrophy (probably immunologically-mediated). The incidence of lipoatrophy is markedly decreased with the use of purer forms of pork insulin or biosynthetic human insulin and when injection sites are alternated. Without proper hygiene, subcutaneous insulin injections may be complicated by infection.[Ref]

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity side effects have included both local and systemic reactions. There reactions are becoming rare (less than 1% of patients) due to the use of purer forms of pork insulin or biosynthetic human insulin. Local reactions may present as erythema, swelling, heat, or subcutaneous nodules. They usually occur within the first two weeks of therapy, then disappear. True allergy to insulin is rare, and sensitization is usually associated with specific animal proteins in bovine and less pure forms of porcine insulins.[Ref]

A diabetic patient with true allergy to insulin can undergo desensitization. Desensitization kits and protocols are available from some insulin manufacturers.[Ref]

Immunologic

Immunologic side effects have included the formation of anti-insulin antibodies. particularly when animal insulin formulations were used. The presence of these antibodies causes the elimination half-life of insulin to increase.[Ref]

Immunologic analysis of anaphylaxis to some insulin preparations in some cases has revealed markedly elevated serum levels of lgE and lgG to protamine, but not to regular insulin.[Ref]

Cardiovascular

Other cardiovascular risk factors that are accentuated in persons with carbohydrate intolerance and hypertension include abnormalities in platelet function, clotting factors, the fibrinolytic system, and dyslipidemia. The relationship between diabetes, insulin, and these disorders is currently under investigation.

Insulin may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, promoting renal sodium retention, and/or stimulating vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy. It may induce dyslipidemia by promoting hepatic synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs).

Insulin may stimulate heart rate in the absence of hypoglycemia.[Ref]

Cardiovascular side effects have included hyperinsulinemia. Given the high frequency of both microvascular and macrovascular diseases in patients with diabetes, some experts are evaluating insulin as a possible atherogenic agent. Controversy and continued study surround the role of hyperinsulinemia as the precursor of hypertension.[Ref]

Endocrine

Endocrine side effects have included hypoglycemia, which has been the most common and serious side effect of insulin, occurring in approximately 16% of type 1 and 10% of type II diabetic patients (the incidence varies greatly depending on the populations studied, types of insulin therapy, etc). Although there are counterregulatory endocrinologic responses to hypoglycemia, some responses are decreased, inefficient, or absent in some patients. Severe hypoglycemia usually presents first as confusion, sweating, or tachycardia, and can result in coma, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, neurological deficits, and death. Blood or urine glucose monitoring is recommended in patients who are at risk of hypoglycemia or who do not recognize the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. The risk for developing hypoglycemia is higher in patients receiving intensive or continuous infusion insulin therapy. The association between insulin and dyslipidemia is currently being evaluated.[Ref]

Permanent neuropsychological impairment has been associated with recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycemia.

In one retrospective study of 600 randomly selected patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus, the only reliable predictors of severe hypoglycemia were a history of hypoglycemia, a history of hypoglycemia-related injury or convulsion, and the duration of insulin therapy. Those with a history of hypoglycemia had been treated with insulin for 17.4 years, which was significantly longer than the 14.3 years in the insulin-treated patients without a history of hypoglycemia.

Human insulin does not appear to be associated with hypoglycemic episodes more often than animal insulin. Caution is recommended when switching from animal (either bovine or pork) to purified porcine insulin or biosynthetic human insulin, however, because of increased potency or bioavailability.[Ref]

Metabolic

Metabolic side effects have included reports of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, particularly important in patients who are being treated for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Insulin increases the intracellular transport of phosphate, which often results in hypophosphatemia during treatment of DKA.[Ref]

Rare cases of hypophosphatemia have been associated with the use of glucose, insulin, and potassium infusions during the treatment of myocardial infarction.[Ref]

Renal

Hypoglycemia is associated with increased plasma dopamine, epinephrine, and plasma renin activity. Acute changes in renal function during insulin-induced hypoglycemia, therefore, may result from direct stimulation of the efferent sympathetic nerves to the kidney and hormonal counterregulatory mechanisms.[Ref]

Renal side effects have included reports of significantly decreased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, and significantly increased urinary albumin excretion rate from insulin-induced hypoglycemia include. These changes were usually reversible upon resolution of hypoglycemia.[Ref]

Hematologic

The effects of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on hemostasis may explain some of the clinical observations of embolic phenomenon during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Limited data show that diabetics have a significantly lower basal concentration of tissue plasminogen activator.[Ref]

Hematologic side effect have included an increase in the concentration of von Willebrand factor due to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Increased von Willebrand factor, combined with hypoglycemia-associated decreased plasma volume and increased plasma viscosity, may predispose patients to reduced peripheral perfusion or embolic phenomenon. A single case of insulin-induced hemolytic anemia has been reported.[Ref]

Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal have been reported rarely. GI distress tends to resolve with dose reduction.[Ref]

References

1. Block MB, Rubenstein AH (1970) "Spontaneous hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with renal insufficiency." JAMA, 213, p. 1863-6

2. Bressler R, Galloway JA (1971) "The insulins." Ration Drug Ther, 5, p. 1-6

3. Kalimo H, Olsson Y (1980) "Effects of severe hypoglycemia on the human brain." Acta Neurol Scand, 62, p. 345-56

4. Boden G, Reichard GA, Hoeldtke RD, et al. (1981) "Severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia associated with deficiencies in the release of counterregulatory hormones." N Engl J Med, 305, p. 1200-5

5. Kopman EA, Ramirez-Inawat RC (1980) "Persistent electromechanical cardiac arrest following administration of cardioplegic and glucose-insulin-potassium solutions." Anesth Analg, 59, p. 69-71

6. Kiser D (1980) "The somogyi effect." Am J Nurs, Feb, p. 236-8

7. Frier BM, Corrall RJ, Davidson NM, et al. (1983) "Peripheral blood cell changes in response to acute hypoglycaemia in man." Eur J Clin Invest, 13, p. 33-9

8. Stangenberg M, Persson B, Stange L, Carlstrom K (1983) "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia in pregnant diabetics." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 62, p. 249-52

9. Karam J, Brink S, Clements R, et al. (1983) "Evaluation of efficacy and safety of human insulin (novo) in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial." Diabetes Care, 6, p. 56-60

10. Krahn DD, Mackenzie TB (1984) "Organic personality syndrome caused by insulin-related nocturnal hypoglycemia." Psychosomatics, 25, p. 711-2

11. Hilsted J, Bonde-Petersen F, Norgaard M-B, et al. (1984) "Haemodynamic changes in insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in normal man." Diabetologia, 26, p. 328-32

12. Brodows RG, Williams C, Amatruda JM (1984) "Treatment of insulin reactions in diabetics." JAMA, 252, p. 3378-81

13. Mann SJ, Krakoff LR (1984) "Hypertensive crisis caused by hypoglycemia and propranolol." Arch Intern Med, 144, p. 2427-8

14. Shimada R, Nakashima T, Nunoi K, et al. (1984) "Arrhythmia during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient." Arch Intern Med, 144, p. 1068-9

15. Daniel DG, Rabin PL (1985) "Disguises of delirium." South Med J, 78, p. 666-72

16. Moses RG, Hubert PA, Lewis-Driver DJ (1985) "Severe hypoglycaemia: a one-year prospective survey in wollongong." Med J Aust, 142, p. 294-6

17. Bernstein RK (1985) "The somogyi phenomenon." Arch Intern Med, 145, p. 575

18. Fish HR, Chernow B, O'Brian JT (1986) "Endocrine and neurophysiologic responses of the pituitary to insulin-induced hypoglycemia: a review." Metabolism, 35, p. 763-80

19. Yoo J, Peter S, Kleinfeld M (1986) "Transient hypoglycemic hemiparesis in an elderly patient." J Am Geriatr Soc, 34, p. 479-81

20. Johansen K, Ellegaard S, Wex S (1986) "Detection of nocturnal hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetics by a skin temperature-skin conductance meter." Acta Med Scand, 220, p. 213-7

21. Garre M, Boles JM, Garo B, Mabin D (1986) "Cerebral oedema in diabetic ketoacidosis: do we use too much insulin?" Lancet, 1, p. 220

22. Collier A, Matthews DM, Young RJ, Clarke BF (1987) "Transient atrial fibrillation precipitated by hypoglycaemia: two case reports." Postgrad Med J, 63, p. 895-7

23. Steel JM, Masterton G, Patrick AW, McGuire R (1989) "Hyperventilation or hypoglycaemia?" Diabetic Med, 6, p. 820-1

24. Berger W, Honegger B, Keller U, Jaeggi E (1989) "Warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia during treatment with human and porcine insulin in diabetes mellitus." Lancet, 05/13/89, p. 1041-4

25. Pladziewicz DS, Nesto RW (1989) "Hypoglycemia-induced silent myocardial ischemia." Am J Cardiol, 63, p. 1531-2

26. Wolf JP, Massol J, Nguyen NU, Berthelay S (1990) "Arginine vasopressin response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics with asymptomatic hypoglycemia." Horm Metab Res, 22, p. 232-6

27. Wredling R, Levander S, Adamson U, Lins PE (1990) "Permanent neuropsychological impairment after recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycaemia in man." Diabetologia, 33, p. 152-7

28. Patrick AW, Campbell IW (1990) "Fatal hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus: clinical features and neuropathological changes." Diabetic Med, 7, p. 349-54

29. Walker JD, Viberti G (1990) "Recurrent nocturnal hypoglycemia in an insulin-dependent diabetic patient receiving a small daily dose of insulin." Am J Med, 88, p. 537-9

30. Caprio S, Amiel S, Tamborlane WV, et al. (1990) "Defective free-fatty acid and oxidative glucose metabolism in IDDM during hypoglycemia." Diabetes, 39, p. 134-41

31. Langan SJ, Deary IJ, Hepburn DA, Frier BM (1991) "Cumulative cognitive impairment following recurrent severe hypoglycaemia in adult patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus." Diabetologia, 34, p. 337-44

32. Orchard TJ, Maser RE, Becker DJ, et al. (1991) "Human insulin use and hypoglycaemia: insights from the pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study." Diabetic Med, 8, p. 469-74

33. Tattersall RB, Gill GV (1991) "Unexplained deaths of type 1 diabetic patients." Diabetic Med, 8, p. 49-58

34. Ziegler D, Hubinger A, Gries FA (1991) "Changes in brainstem auditory evoked potentials during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic patients." Diabetic Med, 8, p. 805-11

35. Urdl W, Desoye G, Schmon B, et al. (1991) "Interactions between insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian disease." Ann N Y Acad Sci, 626, p. 177-83

36. Bhatia V, Wolfsdorf JI (1991) "Severe hypoglycemia in youth with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: frequency and causative factors." Pediatrics, 88, p. 1187-93

37. Reichard P, Britz A, Rosenqvist U (1991) "Intensified conventional insulin treatment and neuropsychological impairment." Br Med J, 303, p. 1439-42

38. Kerr D, Reza M, Smith N, Leatherdale BA (1991) "Importance of insulin in subjective, cognitive, and hormonal responses to hypoglycemia in patients with IDDM." Diabetes, 40, p. 1057-62

39. Lingenfelser T, Renn W, Plonz C, et al. (1992) "Catecholamine response during human and pork insulin-induced hypoglycemia in IDDM patients." Diabetes Care, 15, p. 261-4

40. Tzamaloukas AH, Avasthi PS (1992) "Hypoglycemia during hemodialysis in diabetics treated with insulin." Nephron, 61, p. 470-1

41. Santiago JV (1992) "Intensive management of insulin dependent diabetes: risks, benefits, and unanswered questions." J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, p. 977-82

42. von Kriegstein E (1993) "Hypoglycaemia with human and porcine insulins." BMJ, 306, p. 720

43. Egger M, Smith GD, Teuscher A (1993) "Hypoglycaemia with human and porcine insulins." BMJ, 306, p. 719-20

44. Lingenfelser T, Renn W, Sommerwerck U, Jung MF, Buettner UW, Zaiser-Kaschel H, Kaschel R, Eggstein M, Jakober B (1993) "Compromised hormonal counterregulation neurophysiological function after recurrent short-term episodes of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in IDDM patients." Diabetes, 42, p. 610-8

45. Arnqvist HJ, Halban PA, Mathiesen UL, Zahnd G, von Schenck H (1993) "Hypoglycaemia caused by atypical insulin antibodies in a patient with benign monoclonal gammopathy." J Intern Med, 234, p. 421-7

46. Teuscher A, Reinli K (1994) "Severe hypoglycaemia in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial." Lancet, 343, p. 1097-8

47. Kidson W (1993) "The Somogyi effect. Has it ever existed and what harm has it caused?" Med J Aust, 159, p. 480-2

48. Borch-Johnsen K, Helweg-Larsen K (1993) "Sudden death and human insulin: is there a link?" Diabet Med, 10, p. 255-9

49. MacLeod KM, Hepburn DA, Frier BM (1993) "Frequency and morbidity of severe hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients." Diabet Med, 10, p. 238-45

50. Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM, Pell AC, Scougal IJ, Frier BM (1993) "Frequency and symptoms of hypoglycaemia experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin." Diabet Med, 10, p. 231-7

51. Skyler JS (1993) "Human insulin after 10 years." Diabetes Care, 16 Suppl 3, p. 1-3

52. Vettor R, Mazzonetto P, Macor C, Scandellari C, Federspil G (1994) "Effect of endogenous organic hyperinsulinaemia on blood pressure and serum triglycerides." Eur J Clin Invest, 24, p. 350-4

53. Scoppola A, Testa G, Frontoni S, Maddaloni E, Gambardella S, Menzinger G, Lala A (1995) "Effects of insulin on cholesterol synthesis in type II diabetes patients." Diabetes Care, 18, p. 1362-9

54. Coscelli C, Lostia S, Lunetta M, Nosari I, Coronel GA (1995) "Safety, efficacy, acceptability of a pre-filled insulin pen in diabetic patients over 60 years old." Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 28, p. 173-7

55. Sjolie AK (1985) "Ocular complications in insulin treated diabetes mellitus." Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh), S172, p. 1-77

56. Frier BM, Hepburn DA, Fisher BM, Barrie T (1987) "Fall in intraocular pressure during acute hypoglycaemia in patients with insulin dependent diabetes." Br Med J, 294, p. 610-1

57. Reeves WG, Allen BR, Tattersall RB (1980) "Insulin-induced lipoatrophy: evidence for an immune pathogenesis." Br Med J, 06/21/80, p. 1500-3

58. Pietri A, Raskin P (1981) "Cutaneous complications of chronic continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy." Diabetes Care, 4, p. 624-6

59. Elte JW, van der Schroeff JG, van Leeuwen AW, Radder JK (1982) "Sclerosing granuloma after short-term administration of depot-insulin hoechst." Klin Wochenschr, 60, p. 1461-4

60. MacDonald MJ (1983) "Conventional and human insulin: complications of insulin therapy in children." Prim Care, 10, p. 691-706

61. Berman BA, Ross RN (1983) "Conversations on allergy and immunology: insulin hypersensitivity." Cutis, 32, 320,28,30,32

62. Valenta LJ, Elias AN (1985) "Insulin-induced lipodystrophy in diabetic patients resolved by treatment with human insulin." Ann Intern Med, 102, p. 790-1

63. Fleming MG, Simon SI (1986) "Cutaneous insulin reaction resembling acanthosis nigricans." Arch Dermatol, 122, p. 1054-6

64. Goldman JM, Wheeler MF (1987) "Lipodystrophy from recombinant DNA human insulin." Am J Med, 83, p. 195-6

65. Jordaan HF, Sandler M (1989) "Zinc-induced granuloma: a unique complication of insulin therapy." Clin Exp Dermatol, 14, p. 227-9

66. Brogden RN, Heel RC (1987) "Human insulin. A review of its biological activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use." Drugs, 34, p. 350-71

67. Chin RL, Martinez R, Garmel G (1993) "Gas gangrene from subcutaneous insulin administration." Am J Emerg Med, 11, p. 622-5

68. Schernthaner G (1993) "Immunogenicity and allergenic potential of animal and human insulins." Diabetes Care, 16 Suppl 3, p. 155-65

69. Goldman JM, Brynildsen HC (1980) "Generalised allergy to porcine and bovine monocomponent insulins." Br Med J, 281, p. 1494

70. Simmonds JP, Russell GI, Cowley AJ, et al. (1980) "Generalised allergy to porcine and bovine monocomponent insulins." Br Med J, 08/02/80, p. 355-6

71. Chideckel EW, Mullin CJ, Michael BE (1981) "Cimetidine in insulin allergy." Diabetes Care, 4, p. 503-4

72. Naparstek Y, Ben-Chetrit E, Okon E, Estrov Z, Eliakim M (1981) "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy in a patient with allergy to insulin: a case report." Cancer, 47, p. 545-7

73. Diem P, Spengler H, De Weck AL (1982) "Lymphocyte transformation by insulin and insulin-zinc suspensions." Clin Exp Immunol, 50, p. 155-62

74. Carveth-Johnson AO, Mylvaganam K, Child DF (1982) "Generalised allergic reaction with synthetic human insulin." Lancet, 12/04/82, p. 1287

75. Lyngsoe J, Vestermark S (1983) "The efficacy and safety of human insulin (novo) in insulin-dependent diabetic patients." Diabetes Care, 6, p. 53-5

76. Altman JJ, Pehuet M, Slama G, Tchobroutsky C (1983) "Three cases of allergic reaction to human insulin." Lancet, 2, p. 524

77. Ross JM, Murali MR, DeLara TC, Cheron RG (1984) "Anaphylaxis and immunologic insulin resistance in a diabetic woman with ketoacidosis." Diabetes Care, 7, p. 276-9

78. Stewart WJ, McSweeney SM, Kellett MA, et al. (1984) "Increased risk of severe protamine reactions in NPH insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing cardiac catheterization." Circulation, 70, p. 788-92

79. Small P, Lerman S (1984) "Human insulin allergy." Ann Allergy, 53, p. 39-41

80. Gossain VV, Rovner DR, Mohan K (1985) "Systemic allergy to human (recombinant DNA) insulin." Ann Allergy, 55, p. 116-8

81. Silverstone P (1986) "Generalised allergic reaction to human insulin." Br Med J, 292, p. 933-4

82. Wurzburger MI, Prelevic GM, Despotovic N, et al. (1987) "Delayed-type allergy against various insulin preparations including human semisynthetic insulin." Ann Allergy, 59, p. 44-7

83. Thompson DM, Ronco JJ (1993) "Prolonged desensitization required for treatment of generalized allergy to human insulin." Diabetes Care, 16, p. 957-8

84. Burcelin RG, Eddouks M, Beylot M, Normand S, Boitard C, Feutren G, Landais P, Riou JP, Girard JR, Bach JF, et al. (1993) "Hypersensitivity to insulin during remissions in cyclosporin-treated IDDM patients." Diabetes Care, 16, p. 881-8

85. Kahn CR, Mann D, Rosenthal AS, et al. (1982) "The immune response to insulin in man: interaction of HLA alloantigens and the development of the immune response." Diabetes, 31, p. 716-23

86. Bell DS (1993) "Insulin resistance. An often unrecognized problem accompanying chronic medical disorders." Postgrad Med, 93, 99-103,

87. Dykewicz MS, Kim HW, Orfan N, Yoo TJ, Lieberman P (1994) "Immunologic analysis of anaphylaxis to protamine component in neutral protamine Hagedorn human insulin." J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, p. 117-25

88. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Sparks S, Palmer JP, Peterson CM (1993) "Jet-injected insulin is associated with decreased antibody production and postprandial glucose variability when compared with needle- injected insulin in gestational diabetic women." Diabetes Care, 16, p. 1479-84

89. Micic D, Brkic S, Kendereski A, Popovic V, Zoric S, Nikolic JA, Igrutinovic L, Ivanoska D, Manojlovic D, Micic J (1993) "Immunological resistance to human biosynthetic insulin--effects of immunosuppression and plasmapheresis." Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 19, p. 83-9

90. Mantle JA, Rogers WJ, Smith LR, et al. (1981) "Clinical effects of glucose-insulin-potassium on left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction: results from a randomized clinical trial." Am Heart J, 102, p. 313-24

91. Koh H, Nambu S, Tsushima M, et al. (1984) "The effects of insulin on the cardiovascular system in patients with coronary heart disease." Arzneimittelforschung, 34, p. 185-90

92. Takata S, Yamamoto M, Yagi S, et al. (1985) "Peripheral circulatory effects of insulin in diabetes." Angiology, Feb, p. 110-5

93. Stout RW (1985) "Overview of the association between insulin and atherosclerosis." Metabolism, 34, p. 7-12

94. Wheatley T, Edwards OM (1985) "Insulin oedema and its clinical significance: metabolic studies in three cases." Diabetic Med, 2, p. 400-4

95. Evans DJ, Pritchard-Jones K, Trotman-Dickenson B (1986) "Insulin oedema." Postgrad Med J, 62, p. 665-8

96. Jarrett RJ (1987) "Insulin and atheroma." Lancet, 05/30/87, p. 1272

97. Jarrett RJ (1988) "Is insulin atherogenic?" Diabetologia, 31, p. 71-5

98. Bohrer H, Fleischer F, Krier C (1988) "Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery following high-dose glucose-insulin-potassium infusion for inotropic support." Anesthesiology, 69, p. 949-53

99. Brown RT, Polinsky RJ, Baucom CE (1989) "Euglycemic insulin-induced hypotension in autonomic failure." Clin Neuropharmacol, 12, p. 227-31

100. Siani A, Strazzullo P, Giorgione N, et al. (1990) "Insulin-induced increase in heart rate and its prevention by propranolol." Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 38, p. 393-5

101. Swislocki A (1990) "Insulin resistance and hypertension." Am J Med Sci, 300, p. 104-15

102. Slater EE (1991) "Insulin resistance and hypertension." Hypertension, 18, I108-14

103. Savage PJ, Soad MF (1993) "Insulin and atherosclerosis: villain bystander?" Br Heart J, 69, p. 473-5

104. Wieczorek I, Pell AC, McIver B, MacGregor IR, Ludlam CA, Frier BM (1993) "Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in type I diabetes: effects of venous occlusion and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia." Clin Sci (Colch), 84, p. 79-86

105. Sowers JR, Standley PR, Ram JL, Jacober S, Simpson L, Rose K (1993) "Hyperinsulinemia factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis." Am J Hypertens, 6, s260-70

106. Standl E (1995) "Hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis." Clin Invest Med, 18, p. 261-6

107. Wingard DL, Barrettconnor EL, Ferrara A (1995) "Is insulin really a heart disease risk factor?" Diabetes Care, 18, p. 1299-304

108. Shinozaki K, Suzuki M, Ikebuchi M, Takaki H, Hara Y, Tsushima M, Harano Y (1995) "Insulin resistance associated with compensatory hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for vasospastic angina." Circulation, 92, p. 1749-57

109. Tenkanen L, Manttari M, Manninen V (1995) "Some coronary risk factors related to the insulin resistance syndrome and treatment with gemfibrozil: experience from the helsinki heart study." Circulation, 92, p. 1779-85

110. Genuth S (1966) "Exogenous insulin administration and cardiovascular risk in non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Ann Intern Med, 124(1 Pt 2), p. 104-9

111. Stern MP (1996) "Do non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents?" Ann Intern Med, 124(1 Pt 2), p. 110-6

112. Carlson MG, Campbell PJ (1993) "Intensive insulin therapy and weight gain in IDDM." Diabetes, 42, p. 1700-7

113. Marwick TH, Woodhouse SP (1988) "Severe hypophosphataemia induced by glucose-insulin-potassium therapy. A case report and proposal for altered protocol." Int J Cardiol, 18, p. 327-30

114. Christensen CK, Christiansen JS, Christensen T, et al. (1986) "The effect of six months continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on kidney function and size in insulin-dependent diabetics." Diabetic Med, 3, p. 29-32

115. Patrick AW, Hepburn DA, Swainson CP, Frier BM (1992) "Changes in renal function during acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes." Diabetic Med, 9, p. 150-5

116. Fisher BM, Smith JG, McCruden DC, Frier BM (1987) "Responses of peripheral blood cells and lymphocyte subpopulations to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in human insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes." Eur J Clin Invest, 17, p. 208-13

117. Yamreudeewong W, Cavell RM, Henann NE (1990) "Possible hemolytic anemia associated with human insulin therapy." DICP, 24, p. 887

118. Fisher BM, Quin JD, Rumley A, et al. (1991) "Effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on haemostasis, fibrinolysis and haemorheology in insulin-dependent diabetic patients and control subjects." Clin Sci, 80, p. 525-31

119. Riddle MC (1981) "Relief of gastrointestinal symptoms by correcting insulin excess." Diabetes Care, 4, p. 296-8

More about Iletin II Lente Pork (insulin zinc)

Professional resources

Other brands

Humulin L

Related treatment guides

Further information

Iletin II Lente Pork side effects can vary depending on the individual. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Some side effects may not be reported. You may report them to the FDA.