Insulin zinc Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Brand names: Humulin L, Iletin II Lente Pork, Iletin Lente, Lente Iletin II, Novolin L
Insulin zinc Pregnancy Warnings
Insulin has been assigned to pregnancy category B by the FDA. Insulin regular is the drug of choice for the treatment of diabetes during pregnancy. Data from human pregnancy have revealed an increased incidence of teratogenicity associated with diabetes mellitus; the association with the use of insulin is probably coincidental. Because of the strong association between diabetes or hyperglycemia and perinatal morbidity and multiple congenital malformations, most experts recommend strict control of maternal plasma glucose with the use of insulin during pregnancy. Insulin is only recommended for use during pregnancy when benefit outweighs risk.
Insulin zinc Breastfeeding Warnings
Insulin is not excreted into human milk. Breast-feeding, however, may decrease insulin requirements, despite the need for increased caloric intake. Careful observation of increased maternal caloric needs and maternal blood glucose levels are needed. The manufacturer recommends that caution be used when administering insulin to nursing women.
References for pregnancy information
- Burt RL, Davidson IW (1974) "Insulin half-life and utilization in normal pregnancy." J Obstet Gynaecol, 43, p. 161-70
- Stangenberg M, Persson B, Stange L, Carlstrom K (1983) "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia in pregnant diabetics." Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 62, p. 249-52
- Steel JM, West CP (1985) "Intrauterine death during continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin." Br Med J, 290, p. 1787
- Menon RK, Cohen RM, Sperling MA, et al. (1990) "Transplacental passage of insulin in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." N Engl J Med, 323, p. 309-15
- Crombach G, Siebolds M, Mies R (1993) "Insulin use in pregnancy. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations." Clin Pharmacokinet, 24, p. 89-100
- Soler NG, Walsh CH, Malins JM (1976) "Congenital malformations in infants of diabetic mothers." Q J Med, 45, p. 303-13
- Dignan PS (1981) "Teratogenic risk and counseling in diabetes." Clin Obstet Gynecol, 24, p. 149-59
- Kjos SL, Henry OA, Montoro M, Buchanan TA, Mestman JH (1993) "Insulin-requiring diabetes in pregnancy: a randomized trial of active induction of labor and expectant management." Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169, p. 611-5
- Hunter DJ, Burrows RF, Mohide PT, Whyte RK (1993) "Influence of maternal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on neonatal morbidity." Can Med Assoc J, 149, p. 47-52
- Thompson DM, Dansereau J, Creed M, Ridell L (1994) "Tight glucose control results in normal perinatal outcome in 150 patients with gestational diabetes." Obstet Gynecol, 83, p. 362-6
- Steel JM, Johnstone FD, Hume R, Mao JH (1994) "Insulin requirements during pregnancy in women with type I diabetes." Obstet Gynecol, 83, p. 250-8
- Kitzmiller JL (1993) "Sweet success with diabetes. The development of insulin therapy and glycemic control for pregnancy." Diabetes Care, 16 Suppl 3, p. 107-21
- Breschi MC, Seghieri G, Bartolomei G, Gironi A, Baldi S, Ferrannini E (1993) "Relation of birthweight to maternal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during normal pregnancy." Diabetologia, 36, p. 1315-21
- Knopp RH, Van Allen MI, McNeely M, Walden CE, Plovie B, Shiota K, Brown Z (1993) "Effect of insulin-dependent diabetes on plasma lipoproteins in diabetic pregnancy." J Reprod Med, 38, p. 703-10
- Miller E, Hare JW, Cloherty JP, et al. (1981) "Elevated maternal hemoglobin A in early pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers." N Engl J Med, 304, p. 1331-4
- Adam PA, Teramo K, Raiha N, Gitlin D, Schwartz R (1969) "Human fetal insulin metabolism early in gestation." Diabetes, 18, p. 409-16
- Gabbe SG, Mestman JH, Freeman RK, et al. (1977) "Management and outcome of pregnancy in diabetes mellitus, Classes B to R." Am J Obstet Gynecol, 129, p. 723-32
- Garner P (1995) "Type i diabetes mellitus and pregnancy." Lancet, 346, p. 157-61
- Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ.. (1998) "Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation." Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins
References for breastfeeding information
- Neubauer SH, Ferris AM, Chase CG, Fanelli J, Thompson CA, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Clark RM, Jensen RG, Bendel RB, Green KW (1993) "Delayed lactogenesis in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Am J Clin Nutr, 58, p. 54-60
- Neville MC, Sawicki VS, Hay WW Jr (1993) "Effects of fasting concentrations on milk secretion in women." J Endocrinol, 139, p. 165-73
- Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ.. (1998) "Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation." Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.