Class: Antineoplastic Agents
- Kinase Inhibitors
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
VA Class: AN900
Chemical Name: 4-(4-{3-[4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}phenoxy)-N2-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide
Molecular Formula: C21H16ClF3N4O3
CAS Number: 284461-73-0
Brands: NexAVAR
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Aug 17, 2020.
Introduction
Antineoplastic agent; inhibitor of several serine/threonine and receptor tyrosine kinases.1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17
Uses for SORAfenib
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (designated an orphan drug by FDA for this use).1 3 18 20 21 22
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (designated an orphan drug by FDA for this use).1 3 4 5 14 15 16 17
SORAfenib Dosage and Administration
General
-
Monitor BP weekly during the first 6 weeks of therapy; thereafter, monitor and treat, if required, in accordance with established medical practice.1 (See Hypertension under Cautions.)
Administration
Oral Administration
Administer ≥1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal, since administration with a high-fat meal may decrease oral bioavailability.1
Dosage
Available as sorafenib tosylate; dosage expressed in terms of sorafenib.1
Adults
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Oral
400 mg twice daily.1
Continue therapy for as long as the patient derives clinical benefit from the drug or until unacceptable toxicity occurs.1
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Oral
Continue therapy for as long as the patient derives clinical benefit from the drug or until unacceptable toxicity occurs.1
Dosage Modification for Toxicity (in Hepatocellular or Renal Cell Carcinoma)
Dosage may be reduced or therapy temporarily interrupted if adverse effects, such as cutaneous toxicity, occur.1
If dosage reduction is necessary, dosage may be decreased to 400 mg once daily.1 If further dosage reduction is required, dosage may be decreased to 400 mg every other day.1
Cutaneous Toxicity Grade |
Occurrence |
Suggested Dosage Modification |
---|---|---|
Grade 1: numbness, dysesthesia, paresthesia, tingling, painless swelling, erythema, and/or discomfort of the hands or feet that does not disrupt the patient’s normal activities |
Any occurrence |
Continue therapy with sorafenib and consider topical therapy for symptomatic relief |
Grade 2: painful erythema and swelling of the hands or feet and/or discomfort affecting the patient’s normal activities |
1st occurrence |
Continue therapy with sorafenib and consider topical therapy for symptomatic relief If improvement is not evident within 7 days, see below |
No improvement within 7 days or 2nd or 3rd occurrence |
Interrupt sorafenib therapy until toxicity resolves to grade 0 or 1 When resuming therapy, decrease sorafenib dosage by one dose level (e.g., to 400 mg once daily or 400 mg every other day) |
|
4th occurrence |
Discontinue sorafenib therapy |
|
Grade 3: moist desquamation, ulceration, blistering or severe pain of the hands or feet, and/or severe discomfort that causes the patient to be unable to work or perform activities of daily living |
1st or 2nd occurrence |
Interrupt sorafenib therapy until toxicity resolves to grade 0 or 1 When resuming therapy, decrease sorafenib dosage by one dose level (e.g., to 400 mg once daily or 400 mg every other day) |
3rd occurrence |
Discontinue sorafenib therapy |
Prescribing Limits
Adults
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Oral
Highest dosage evaluated clinically was 800 mg twice daily.1
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
No dosage adjustment required in patients with mild or moderate (Child-Pugh class A or B) hepatic impairment.1 Not studied in patients with severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.1 (See Hepatic Impairment under Cautions.)
Renal Impairment
No dosage adjustment required in patients with mild to severe renal impairment.1 Not studied in patients with renal impairment requiring dialysis.1
Geriatric Patients
No specific dosage recommendations.1 (See Geriatric Use under Cautions.)
Cautions for SORAfenib
Contraindications
-
Known hypersensitivity to sorafenib or any ingredient in the formulation.1
-
In combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with squamous cell lung cancer.1 (See Increased Mortality in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung under Cautions.)
Warnings/Precautions
Hypertension
Mild or moderate hypertension reported early in the course of treatment;1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 15 17 generally managed with standard antihypertensive therapy.1 12 15 (See General under Dosage and Administration.)
If hypertension is severe or persistent despite use of antihypertensive therapy, consider temporary or permanent discontinuance of sorafenib.1
Cardiac Ischemia
Cardiac ischemia or infarction reported; consider temporary or permanent discontinuance of therapy if cardiac ischemia and/or infarction occurs.1 15 18
QT-Interval Prolongation
Prolongation of QT interval may occur.1
Avoid use in patients with congenital long QT syndrome.1
Monitor ECG and serum electrolytes (calcium, potassium, magnesium) in patients with CHF, bradyarrhythmias, or electrolyte abnormalities, and in those receiving drugs known to prolong the QT interval (e.g., class IA and III antiarrhythmic agents).1
Hemorrhage
Increased risk of bleeding;1 15 18 consider permanent discontinuance of therapy if any bleeding episode requiring medical attention occurs.1
Monitor patients receiving concomitant therapy with warfarin and sorafenib for changes in PT or INR regularly and monitor for clinical bleeding episodes.1
Dermatologic Effects
Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (i.e., hand-foot syndrome) and rash occur frequently.1 2 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 18
Reactions (generally grade 1 or 2) typically appear during the first 6 weeks of therapy.1 15
Management includes topical symptomatic therapy, temporary interruption of therapy, and/or dosage modification; consider permanent discontinuance of therapy in severe or persistent cases.1
Severe, possibly life-threatening dermatologic toxicities (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) reported; discontinue therapy if Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis is suspected.1
GI Effects
GI perforation, sometimes associated with intra-abdominal tumor, reported rarely; discontinue therapy if GI perforation occurs.1
Wound-healing Complications
Effect on wound healing not established; manufacturer recommends that therapy be temporarily interrupted in patients undergoing major surgery.1 Decision to resume therapy should be based on clinical assessment of adequacy of wound healing.1
Increased Mortality in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Increased risk of mortality reported in patients with previously untreated, advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung receiving sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel or in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin.1
Contraindicated in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.1
Not recommended for use in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.1
Safety and efficacy not established in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).1
Hepatic Effects
Drug-induced hepatitis (serious or fatal), increased serum concentrations of bilirubin, or increased INR may occur.1 Drug-induced hepatitis is characterized by a hepatocellular pattern of injury with substantially elevated serum aminotransferase concentrations.1
Monitor liver function tests regularly.1 Discontinue therapy if substantially elevated serum aminotransferase concentrations occur and other possible causes (i.e., viral hepatitis, malignancy progression) have been ruled out.1
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
May cause fetal harm; teratogenicity and embryolethality demonstrated in animals.1
Pregnancy should be avoided during and for ≥2 weeks following completion of therapy.1 If used during pregnancy or if patient becomes pregnant, apprise of potential fetal hazard.1 (See Advice to Patients.)
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category D.1 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)
Lactation
Distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.1 Discontinue nursing or drug.1
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in children <18 years of age.1 14
Geriatric Use
No substantial differences in safety and efficacy relative to younger adults, but increased sensitivity cannot be ruled out.1
Hepatic Impairment
Systemic exposure in patients with mild or moderate (Child-Pugh class A or B) hepatic impairment, with or without hepatocellular carcinoma, similar to that in individuals without hepatic impairment.1 (See Special Populations under Pharmacokinetics.)
Limited safety and efficacy data in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and moderate hepatic impairment;18 20 some data suggest shorter overall survival in patients with moderate hepatic impairment compared with those with mild hepatic impairment.23 25 26 27
Safety and efficacy not established in patients with severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.1
Common Adverse Effects
Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Hypoalbuminemia,1 diarrhea,1 18 20 lymphopenia,1 fatigue,1 18 20 thrombocytopenia,1 increased INR,1 increased lipase concentrations,1 hypophosphatemia,1 increased amylase concentrations,1 abdominal pain,1 weight loss,1 anorexia,1 18 20 hypocalcemia,1 nausea,1 18 20 hand-foot syndrome,1 18 20 rash/desquamation,1 18 20 vomiting,1 alopecia,1 18 20 constipation,1 pruritus,1 hepatic impairment,1 dry skin,1 hypertension.20
Patients with renal cell carcinoma: Hypophosphatemia,1 15 diarrhea,1 10 15 increased lipase concentrations,1 15 rash/desquamation,1 15 fatigue,1 10 15 hand-foot syndrome,1 10 15 increased amylase concentrations,1 alopecia,1 15 nausea,1 15 lymphopenia,1 15 pruritus,1 15 neutropenia,1 hypertension,1 10 15 anorexia,1 15 vomiting,1 15 constipation,1 15 hemorrhage,1 15 dyspnea,1 15 sensory neuropathy,1 15 hypocalcemia,1 thrombocytopenia,1 dry skin,1 pain (abdominal, joint, headache),1 15 weight loss.1 15
Interactions for SORAfenib
Metabolized by CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9.1 7
Inhibits CYP isoenzymes 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 in vitro.1 24 Unlikely to induce CYP1A2 or CYP3A4.1 24
Inhibits glucuronidation by UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 in vitro.1 24 28
Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
CYP3A4 inhibitors: Unlikely to alter metabolism of sorafenib.1 28
CYP3A4 inducers: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased plasma concentrations of sorafenib).1 24 When possible, avoid concomitant use of potent CYP3A4 inducers.1
Drugs Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
Substrates of CYP isoenzymes 2B6 or 2C8: At recommended sorafenib dosage, clinically important inhibition of CYP2B6 or CYP2C8 may be unlikely.28
Substrates of CYP isoenzymes 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4: Clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions unlikely.1 24 28
CYP2C9 substrates: Risk for clinically important inhibition of CYP2C9 by sorafenib may be low.24 28
Drugs Metabolized by Uridine Diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase
Substrates of UGT1A1 or UGT1A9: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (increased systemic exposure to the substrate).1 Caution is advised.1 28
Drugs Affecting Gastric Acidity
Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased solubility of sorafenib) with drugs that increase gastric pH.1 However, manufacturer states adjustment of sorafenib dosage is not necessary.1
Substrates of P-glycoprotein Transport System
Substrates of P-gp: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (increased systemic exposure to the substrate).1 24
Specific Drugs
Drug |
Interaction |
Comments |
---|---|---|
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin) |
Possible decreased plasma sorafenib concentrations1 |
Avoid concomitant use when possible1 |
Antimycobacterials, rifamycins (e.g., rifampin, rifabutin) |
Possible decreased plasma sorafenib concentrations1 Rifampin: Decreased sorafenib AUC1 |
Avoid concomitant use when possible1 |
Capecitabine |
Increased AUC of capecitabine and its active metabolite fluorouracil28 No effect on AUC of sorafenib28 |
|
Carboplatin |
No apparent effect on carboplatin pharmacokinetics28 Increased mortality reported in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel1 |
Sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel contraindicated in patients with squamous cell lung cancer1 |
Cisplatin |
Sorafenib does not appear to affect cisplatin pharmacokinetics28 Increased mortality reported in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin1 |
Sorafenib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine not recommended in patients with squamous cell lung cancer1 |
Cyclophosphamide |
Sorafenib does not appear to affect cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics28 |
|
Dexamethasone |
Possible decreased plasma sorafenib concentrations1 |
Avoid concomitant use when possible1 |
Dextromethorphan |
||
Digoxin |
Possible increased systemic exposure of digoxin24 |
|
Docetaxel |
Caution advised28 |
|
Doxorubicin |
Increased AUC of doxorubicin28 |
|
Gemcitabine |
Sorafenib does not appear to affect gemcitabine pharmacokinetics24 28 Increased mortality reported in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin1 |
Sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin not recommended in patients with squamous cell lung cancer1 |
Irinotecan |
Increased AUC of irinotecan and its active metabolite, SN-3824 28 |
|
Ketoconazole |
No substantial effect on sorafenib exposure1 |
|
Midazolam |
||
Neomycin |
Decreased sorafenib AUC1 |
|
Omeprazole |
No substantial effect on systemic exposure of sorafenib1 24 28 |
Dosage adjustment of sorafenib not necessary1 |
Oxaliplatin |
Sorafenib does not appear to affect oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics24 28 |
|
Paclitaxel |
Increased AUC of paclitaxel, 6-hydroxypaclitaxel, and sorafenib in patients receiving paclitaxel, carboplatin, and sorafenib28 Increased mortality reported in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel1 |
Sorafenib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin contraindicated in patients with squamous cell lung cancer1 |
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) |
Possible decreased plasma sorafenib concentrations1 |
Avoid concomitant use when possible1 |
Warfarin |
No apparent effect on PT/INR compared with placebo,24 28 but infrequent bleeding events or INR elevations reported1 |
Monitor regularly for changes in PT or INR and for bleeding1 |
SORAfenib Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Mean relative bioavailability is 38–49% when compared with oral solution.1 Peak plasma concentrations attained in approximately 3 hours.1
Food
High-fat meal reduces bioavailability by about 29%.1
Special Populations
Mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A or B) does not substantially affect pharmacokinetics;1 peak concentration and AUC slightly higher in moderate than in mild hepatic impairment, but differences are not clinically meaningful.21 23 Not studied in patients with severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.1
Mild to severe renal impairment (Clcr ≤80 mL/minute) does not affect pharmacokinetics; not studied in patients with renal impairment requiring dialysis.1
Age and gender do not substantially affect pharmacokinetics.1
AUC is 30% lower in Asians than in Caucasians.1
Distribution
Extent
Not known whether sorafenib is distributed into milk.1
Plasma Protein Binding
99.5%.1
Elimination
Metabolism
Metabolized mainly in the liver via oxidation by CYP3A4 and glucuronidation by UGT1A9.1 7
At least 8 metabolites identified.1 The main circulating metabolite, a pyridine N-oxide derivative, is pharmacologically active and accounts for approximately 9–16% of total plasma concentrations of the drug.1
Elimination Route
Excreted in feces (77%) and urine (19%).1
51% of a dose recovered in feces as unchanged drug; unchanged drug not recovered in urine.1
Half-life
Approximately 25–48 hours.1
Stability
Storage
Oral
Tablets
25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1 Store in a dry place.1
Actions
-
Mechanism of action not fully elucidated; appears to inhibit signal transduction pathways involving multiple intracellular (e.g., c-Raf, b-Raf, mutant b-Raf) and cell surface kinases (e.g., c-Kit, Flt-3, RET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β) in vitro.1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17
Advice to Patients
-
If a dose is missed, importance of administering the next dose at the regularly scheduled time; do not administer a double dose to make up for a missed dose.1
-
Importance of reading the manufacturer’s patient information prior to beginning therapy and rereading it each time the prescription is renewed.1
-
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1 Necessity of advising women to avoid pregnancy during therapy and for ≥2 weeks following completion of sorafenib therapy, as well as advising women to discontinue nursing while receiving therapy.1 Necessity of advising women and men to use effective contraceptive methods during sorafenib therapy and for ≥2 weeks following completion of therapy.1 Advise women of the potential risk to the fetus (e.g., birth defects) and/or the potential risk for loss of the pregnancy.1
-
Risk of hand-foot syndrome and rash.1 Importance of advising patient about appropriate countermeasures.1
-
Risk of hypertension, particularly during the first 6 weeks of sorafenib therapy.1 Importance of monitoring BP regularly during therapy.1
-
Risk of bleeding.1 Importance of patients promptly informing clinicians of any episodes of bleeding.1
-
Risk of bleeding or INR elevation in patients receiving concomitant therapy with warfarin and sorafenib.1 Importance of monitoring INR regularly during concomitant therapy.1
-
Risk of potential GI perforation.1 Importance of informing clinician immediately if high fever, nausea, vomiting, or severe stomach or abdominal pain occurs.1
-
Risk of potential cardiac ischemia and/or infarction.1 Importance of patients immediately informing clinicians of any episodes of chest pain or other symptoms of cardiac ischemia.1
-
Risk of wound healing complications.1 Importance of informing clinician of any scheduled surgery.1
-
Risk of QT-interval prolongation.1 Importance of informing clinicians immediately if an abnormal heartbeat or feelings of dizziness or faintness occur.1
-
Risk of hepatitis and importance of regular liver function test monitoring.1 Importance of informing clinician if signs and symptoms of hepatitis (e.g., jaundice, dark tea-colored urine, light-colored stool, worsening nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain) occur.1
-
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and herbal supplements (e.g., St. John’s wort), as well as any concomitant illnesses (e.g., cardiovascular disease [including congenital long QT syndrome]).1
-
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.1 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.
Routes |
Dosage Forms |
Strengths |
Brand Names |
Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral |
Tablets, film-coated |
200 mg (of sorafenib) |
NexAVAR |
Bayer, (comarketed by Onyx) |
AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2021, Selected Revisions August 26, 2014. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
1. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. Nexavar (sorafenib tosylate) tablets prescribing information. Wayne, NJ: 2013 Jun.
2. Ahmad T, Eisen T. Kinase inhibition with BAY 43-9006 in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10:6388S-92S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448036?dopt=AbstractPlus
3. US Food and Drug Administration. Search orphan drug designations and approvals. From FDA website. Accessed 2013 Sept 16.. Accessed 2006 Feb 10. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/index.cfm
4. Escudier B, Szczylik C, Eisen T et al. Randomized phase III trial of the raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Orlando, FL. 2005 13–17 May. Abstract LBA 4510.
5. Ratain MJ, Eisen T, Stadler WM et al. Final findings from a phase II, placebo-controlled, randomized discontinuation trial (RDT) of sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Orlando, FL. 2005 13–17 May. Abstract LBA 4544.
6. Favaro JP, George DJ. Targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2005; 14:1251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16185167?dopt=AbstractPlus
7. Beeram M, Patnaik A, Rowinsky EK. Raf: a strategic target for therapeutic development against cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23:6771-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16170185?dopt=AbstractPlus
8. Cooney MM, Remick SC, Vogelzang NJ. Promising systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2005; 6:357-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107239?dopt=AbstractPlus
9. Arora A, Scholar EM. Role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005; 315:971-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002463?dopt=AbstractPlus
10. Schöffski P, Dumez H, Clement P et al. Emerging role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of advanced renal cell cancer: a review. Ann Oncol. 2006 (Advance access [doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj133]); :.
11. Zakarija A, Soff G. Update on angiogenesis inhibitors. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005; 17:578-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16224236?dopt=AbstractPlus
12. Gollob JA. Sorafenib: scientific rationales for single-agent and combination therapy in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2005; 4:167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16425993?dopt=AbstractPlus
13. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2004; 64:7099-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466206?dopt=AbstractPlus
14. Bayer, West Haven, CT: Personal communication.
15. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:125-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215530?dopt=AbstractPlus
16. Brugarolas J. Renal-cell carcinoma—molecular pathways and therapies. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356:185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17215538?dopt=AbstractPlus
17. Govindarajan R, Adusumilli J, Baxter DL et al. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome induced by RAF kinase inhibitor BAY 43-9006. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24:e48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008686?dopt=AbstractPlus
18. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359:378-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650514?dopt=AbstractPlus
19. Bruix J, Raoul JL, Sherman M et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: subanalyses of a phase III trial. J Hepatol. 2012; 57:821-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22727733?dopt=AbstractPlus
20. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 10:25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095497?dopt=AbstractPlus
21. Abou-Alfa GK, Schwartz L, Ricci S et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24:4293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908937?dopt=AbstractPlus
22. Yau T, Chan P, Ng KK et al. Phase 2 open-label study of single-agent sorafenib in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in a hepatitis B-endemic Asian population: presence of lung metastasis predicts poor response. Cancer. 2009; 115:428-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107763?dopt=AbstractPlus
23. Abou-Alfa GK, Amadori D, Santoro A et al. Safety and Efficacy of Sorafenib in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Child-Pugh A versus B Cirrhosis. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2011; 4:40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673874?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3109886&blobtype=pdf
24. Keating GM, Santoro A. Sorafenib: a review of its use in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Drugs. 2009; 69:223-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228077?dopt=AbstractPlus
25. Pinter M, Sieghart W, Hucke F et al. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 34:949-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883324?dopt=AbstractPlus
26. Chiu J, Tang YF, Yao TJ et al. The use of single-agent sorafenib in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with underlying Child-Pugh B liver cirrhosis: a retrospective analysis of efficacy, safety, and survival benefits. Cancer. 2012; 118:5293-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517493?dopt=AbstractPlus
27. Hollebecque A, Cattan S, Romano O et al. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma: the impact of the Child-Pugh score. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 34:1193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958438?dopt=AbstractPlus
28. Bayer Pharma AG. Nexavar (sorafenib tosylate) tablets summary of product characteristics. Berlin, Germany; 2011 Jul 21.
29. Pfizer Inc. Paclitaxel injection prescribing information. New York, NY; 2011 Jun.
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