Stalevo Disease Interactions

Carbidopa-levodopa products are contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma.

Cardiac irregularities occur infrequently in patients on dopamine agonists. The initial administration and titration is recommended to occur under close cardiac monitoring in a facility equipped for intensive cardiac care. Adverse cardiac affects may include palpitation, sinus tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, extrasystole, atrial flutter or fibrillation, or block of AV conduction.

The use of dopamine agonists is contraindicated in patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). NMS is characterized by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, and diaphoresis. The syndrome may rarely be precipitated by abrupt discontinuation of the dopamine agonist.

The use of dopamine agonists has been associated with psychiatric effects such as hallucinations, psychosis, confusion, anxiety, mania, hypomania, depression, rapid mood cycling, nightmares, and hypersexuality. Therapy with dopamine agonists should be administered cautiously in psychotic patients and all patients should be carefully observed for development of depression and suicidal tendencies.

The use of levodopa is contraindicated in patients with acute closed-angle glaucoma. Levodopa (with or without carbidopa) may be used in patients with open-angle glaucoma who are receiving appropriate therapy.

The pharmacokinetics of levodopa have not been studied in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Therapy with levodopa should be administered cautiously in patients with liver or disease. Periodic monitoring of hepatic and renal function is recommended during extended therapy.

The use of levodopa is considered by manufacturers to be contraindicated in patients with a history of melanoma or in patients with suspicious, undiagnosed skin lesions. Levodopa reportedly may activate malignant melanoma, although some investigators have found a causal relationship to be tenuous.

Because of the risk of bronchospasm, use of levodopa in patients with asthma, COPD, or other chronic underlying lung disease is not recommended.

Caution and observation is recommended when treating patients with carbidopa, as depression with concomitant suicidal tendencies may develop or be exacerbated.

Patients treated with products containing carbidopa and levodopa report excessive somnolence and falling asleep while engaged in daily activities, sometimes with no warning sign of drowsiness. Advise patients about the risks, especially those suffering from sleep disorders or using concomitant sedating medications.

Dopamine agonists may impair the systemic regulation of blood pressure, with resultant orthostatic hypotension at any time, but especially during dose escalation. Additionally, patients with Parkinson's disease may have an impaired capacity to respond to an orthostatic challenge. For these reasons, patients with Parkinson's disease (or restless legs syndrome) who are being treated with dopaminergic agonists typically require careful monitoring for signs/symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, especially during dose escalation, and should be advised of this risk.

Ordinarily, patients with major psychotic disorder should not be treated with dopaminergic antiparkinsonian agents, because of the risk of exacerbating psychosis. Hallucinations and psychotic-like behavior have been reported with dopaminergic medications. In addition, certain medications used to treat psychosis may exacerbate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may decrease the effectiveness of these drugs. The use of bromocriptine in patients with severe psychotic disorders is not recommended.

Entacapone should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment, as the AUC and Cmax of the drug approximately doubled in patients with documented liver disease compared to patients with normal liver function.

The use of levodopa, especially in combinations with carbidopa, has been associated with an increase in the frequency of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Therapy with levodopa should be administered cautiously in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal hemorrhage.