Can you take Flavalta with Valproic acid?

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Acidosis.

Acidosis, hypoxia, and hypercapnia may reduce the effectiveness of sympathomimetic amines in raising blood pressure. These conditions should be corrected before initiating therapy with sympathomimetic amines, if possible. Monitoring the patients acid-base balance, carbon dioxide levels, and oxygen saturation is recommended.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Bleeding Disorder.

The use of valproate derivatives may be associated with dose-related thrombocytopenia, the incidence of which is generally low but has been reported at up to 27% in one study using high dosages (approximately 50 mg/kg/day of valproic acid). In that study, platelet counts returned to normal in all patients, some despite continued treatment. Valproate may also inhibit the secondary phase of platelet aggregation, although this effect is unlikely to be of clinical significance except during the concomitant use of other drugs that affect coagulation. However, altered bleeding time, ecchymosis, petechiae, bruising, hematoma formation, epistaxis, and frank hemorrhage have been reported rarely. Hypofibrinogenemia has also been observed. Therapy with valproate products, particularly at high dosages, should be administered cautiously in patients with significant active bleeding or a hemorrhagic diathesis, including hemostatic and/or coagulation defects associated with hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, or severe hepatic impairment. The manufacturers recommend platelet counts and coagulation tests prior to initiating therapy and at periodic intervals thereafter, as well as before planned surgery. The dosage should be reduced or the drug withdrawn if clinical evidence of hemorrhage, bruising, or a disorder of hemostasis or coagulation occurs.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Brain Anomalies incl Congenital.

The use of valproate derivatives is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease or significant hepatic dysfunction. Serious and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients treated with these agents. The risk appears to be greatest in children less than 2 years of age--particularly those on multiple anticonvulsants and those with congenital metabolic disorders, severe seizure disorders accompanied by intellectual disability, or organic brain disease--and decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups. Therapy with valproate products should be administered with extreme caution and as a sole agent in patients with risk factors for valproate-related hepatotoxicity. In reported cases, the onset has generally been within the first 6 months of treatment and may be preceded by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a loss of seizure control. Patients should be monitored closely for appearance of these symptoms, and therapy withdrawn immediately if significant hepatic dysfunction occurs. Liver function tests should be performed prior to initiating therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter, especially during the first 6 months. However, clinicians should bear in mind that transient, dose-related, asymptomatic elevations in serum transaminase, amylase and ammonia levels may commonly occur and often return to normal with or without dosage adjustment.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Cardiovascular Conditions and Disorders.

Sympathomimetic agents may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, particularly when used in high dosages and/or in susceptible patients. In cardiac tissues, these agents may produce positive chronotropic and inotropic effects via stimulation of beta- 1 adrenergic receptors. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and the work of the heart may be increased. In the peripheral vasculature, vasoconstriction may occur via stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension, reflex bradycardia, coronary occlusion, cerebral vasculitis, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and death have been reported. Some of these agents, particularly ephedra alkaloids (ephedrine, ma huang, phenylpropanolamine), may also predispose patients to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should generally be avoided or administered cautiously in patients with sensitivity to sympathomimetic amines, hyperthyroidism, or underlying cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disorders. These agents should not be used in patients with severe coronary artery disease or severe/uncontrolled hypertension.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Coagulation Defects and Disorders.

The use of valproate derivatives may be associated with dose-related thrombocytopenia, the incidence of which is generally low but has been reported at up to 27% in one study using high dosages (approximately 50 mg/kg/day of valproic acid). In that study, platelet counts returned to normal in all patients, some despite continued treatment. Valproate may also inhibit the secondary phase of platelet aggregation, although this effect is unlikely to be of clinical significance except during the concomitant use of other drugs that affect coagulation. However, altered bleeding time, ecchymosis, petechiae, bruising, hematoma formation, epistaxis, and frank hemorrhage have been reported rarely. Hypofibrinogenemia has also been observed. Therapy with valproate products, particularly at high dosages, should be administered cautiously in patients with significant active bleeding or a hemorrhagic diathesis, including hemostatic and/or coagulation defects associated with hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, or severe hepatic impairment. The manufacturers recommend platelet counts and coagulation tests prior to initiating therapy and at periodic intervals thereafter, as well as before planned surgery. The dosage should be reduced or the drug withdrawn if clinical evidence of hemorrhage, bruising, or a disorder of hemostasis or coagulation occurs.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Dehydration.

The use of sympathomimetic amines has been infrequently associated with significant hypotension especially in dehydrated patients secondary to the drug's beta-2 mediated vasodilation. Hypovolemia should be corrected, if possible, before administering sympathomimetic amines. Blood pressure and ECG should be monitored at regular intervals. Monitoring of cardiac output and pulmonary wedge pressure may also be desired.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Depression.

Antiepileptic drugs can increase depression and suicidal thoughts or behaviors in patients receiving these drugs for any indication. Patients should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts and unusual changes in mood or behavior. Caregivers and family should be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to the healthcare providers.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Depression.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical studies involving the use of 11 different AEDs showed that patients receiving AEDs had approximately twice the risk of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients receiving placebo. AEDs should be administered cautiously in patients with depression or other psychiatric disorders; phentermine-topiramate should be avoided in patients with history of suicidal attempts or active suicidal ideation. The risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior should be carefully assessed against the risk of untreated illness, bearing in mind that epilepsy and many other conditions for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Patients, caregivers, and families should be alert to the emergence or worsening of signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts or behavior. If patients have symptoms of suicidal ideation or behavior, a dosage reduction or treatment discontinuation should be considered.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Diabetes Mellitus.

Sympathomimetic agents may cause increases in blood glucose concentrations. These effects are usually transient and slight but may be significant with dosages higher than those normally recommended. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should be administered cautiously in patients with diabetes mellitus. Closer monitoring of blood glucose concentrations may be appropriate.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Diabetes Mellitus.

Valproate is partially eliminated in the urine as a ketone-containing metabolite, which may lead to a false interpretation of the urine ketone test. Clinicians should be cognizant of this interaction when prescribing or administering valproate products to patients with diabetes.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Heart Block.

The use of lidocaine is contraindicated in patients with Stokes-Adam syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome, or second- or third-degree AV block in the absence of a functional artificial pacemaker, or congenital QT prolongation.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Heart Failure.

Antiarrhythmic agents can induce severe hypotension (particularly with IV administration) or induce or worsen congestive heart failure (CHF). Patients with primary cardiomyopathy or inadequately compensated CHF are at increased risk. Antiarrhythmic agents should be administered cautiously and dosage and/or frequency of administration modified in patients with hypotension or adequately compensated CHF. Alternative therapy should be considered unless these conditions are secondary to cardiac arrhythmia.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with HIV-1 Infection.

Some in vitro studies suggest that valproate stimulates the replication of the HIV and CMV viruses under certain experimental conditions. The clinical consequences are unknown, and the relevance of these findings is uncertain for patients receiving maximally suppressive antiretroviral therapy. However, this should be borne in mind when interpreting the results from regular monitoring of the viral load in HIV infected patients receiving valproate or when following CMV infected patients clinically.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Hyperkalemia.

Electrolyte imbalance can alter the therapeutic effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia can reduce the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents. In some cases, these disorders can exaggerate the degree of QTc prolongation and increase the potential for torsade de pointes. Hyperkalemia can potentiate the toxic effects of antiarrhythmic agents. Electrolyte imbalance should be corrected prior to initiating antiarrhythmic therapy. Clinical monitoring of cardiac function and electrolyte concentrations is recommended.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Hyperthyroidism.

Sympathomimetic agents may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, particularly when used in high dosages and/or in susceptible patients. In cardiac tissues, these agents may produce positive chronotropic and inotropic effects via stimulation of beta- 1 adrenergic receptors. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and the work of the heart may be increased. In the peripheral vasculature, vasoconstriction may occur via stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension, reflex bradycardia, coronary occlusion, cerebral vasculitis, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and death have been reported. Some of these agents, particularly ephedra alkaloids (ephedrine, ma huang, phenylpropanolamine), may also predispose patients to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should generally be avoided or administered cautiously in patients with sensitivity to sympathomimetic amines, hyperthyroidism, or underlying cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disorders. These agents should not be used in patients with severe coronary artery disease or severe/uncontrolled hypertension.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Hypokalemia.

Electrolyte imbalance can alter the therapeutic effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia can reduce the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents. In some cases, these disorders can exaggerate the degree of QTc prolongation and increase the potential for torsade de pointes. Hyperkalemia can potentiate the toxic effects of antiarrhythmic agents. Electrolyte imbalance should be corrected prior to initiating antiarrhythmic therapy. Clinical monitoring of cardiac function and electrolyte concentrations is recommended.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Hypotension.

Antiarrhythmic agents can induce severe hypotension (particularly with IV administration) or induce or worsen congestive heart failure (CHF). Patients with primary cardiomyopathy or inadequately compensated CHF are at increased risk. Antiarrhythmic agents should be administered cautiously and dosage and/or frequency of administration modified in patients with hypotension or adequately compensated CHF. Alternative therapy should be considered unless these conditions are secondary to cardiac arrhythmia.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Intellectual Disability.

The use of valproate derivatives is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease or significant hepatic dysfunction. Serious and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients treated with these agents. The risk appears to be greatest in children less than 2 years of age--particularly those on multiple anticonvulsants and those with congenital metabolic disorders, severe seizure disorders accompanied by intellectual disability, or organic brain disease--and decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups. Therapy with valproate products should be administered with extreme caution and as a sole agent in patients with risk factors for valproate-related hepatotoxicity. In reported cases, the onset has generally been within the first 6 months of treatment and may be preceded by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a loss of seizure control. Patients should be monitored closely for appearance of these symptoms, and therapy withdrawn immediately if significant hepatic dysfunction occurs. Liver function tests should be performed prior to initiating therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter, especially during the first 6 months. However, clinicians should bear in mind that transient, dose-related, asymptomatic elevations in serum transaminase, amylase and ammonia levels may commonly occur and often return to normal with or without dosage adjustment.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Intellectual Disability.

Valproic acid and derivative products are contraindicated in patients with known urea cycle disorders (UCD), as hyperammonemic encephalopathy, sometimes fatal, has been reported on these patients following the initiation of treatment. Prior to the initiation of therapy, the evaluation for UCD should be considered in patients with history of unexplained encephalopathy or comma, encephalopathy associated with a protein load, pregnancy- related or postpartum encephalopathy, unexplained intellectual disability, or history of elevated plasma ammonia or glutamine. Also, those with family history of UCD or family history of unexplained infant deaths. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy while receiving valproate therapy should receive prompt treatment including treatment discontinuation and be evaluated for underlying urea cycle disorders.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Liver Disease.

Lidocaine is rapidly and extensively metabolized by the liver. Less than 10% is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Several inactive and two active forms (MEGX and GX) have been identified. MEGX and GX exhibit antiarrhythmic and convulsant properties. GX accumulates during prolonged intravenous lidocaine infusion. The pharmacokinetic disposition of lidocaine is altered by changes in hepatic function, including hepatic blood flow. Therapy with lidocaine should be administered cautiously and dosing modifications for repeated or loading and maintenance doses may be necessary. Clinical monitoring of cardiac (continuous ECG) is required and serum metabolite concentrations and monitoring hepatic function are recommended.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Liver Disease.

The use of valproate derivatives is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease or significant hepatic dysfunction. Serious and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients treated with these agents. The risk appears to be greatest in children less than 2 years of age--particularly those on multiple anticonvulsants and those with congenital metabolic disorders, severe seizure disorders accompanied by intellectual disability, or organic brain disease--and decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups. Therapy with valproate products should be administered with extreme caution and as a sole agent in patients with risk factors for valproate-related hepatotoxicity. In reported cases, the onset has generally been within the first 6 months of treatment and may be preceded by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a loss of seizure control. Patients should be monitored closely for appearance of these symptoms, and therapy withdrawn immediately if significant hepatic dysfunction occurs. Liver function tests should be performed prior to initiating therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter, especially during the first 6 months. However, clinicians should bear in mind that transient, dose-related, asymptomatic elevations in serum transaminase, amylase and ammonia levels may commonly occur and often return to normal with or without dosage adjustment.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Magnesium Imbalance.

Electrolyte imbalance can alter the therapeutic effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia can reduce the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents. In some cases, these disorders can exaggerate the degree of QTc prolongation and increase the potential for torsade de pointes. Hyperkalemia can potentiate the toxic effects of antiarrhythmic agents. Electrolyte imbalance should be corrected prior to initiating antiarrhythmic therapy. Clinical monitoring of cardiac function and electrolyte concentrations is recommended.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Metabolic Disorders.

The use of valproate derivatives is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease or significant hepatic dysfunction. Serious and potentially fatal hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients treated with these agents. The risk appears to be greatest in children less than 2 years of age--particularly those on multiple anticonvulsants and those with congenital metabolic disorders, severe seizure disorders accompanied by intellectual disability, or organic brain disease--and decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups. Therapy with valproate products should be administered with extreme caution and as a sole agent in patients with risk factors for valproate-related hepatotoxicity. In reported cases, the onset has generally been within the first 6 months of treatment and may be preceded by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and a loss of seizure control. Patients should be monitored closely for appearance of these symptoms, and therapy withdrawn immediately if significant hepatic dysfunction occurs. Liver function tests should be performed prior to initiating therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter, especially during the first 6 months. However, clinicians should bear in mind that transient, dose-related, asymptomatic elevations in serum transaminase, amylase and ammonia levels may commonly occur and often return to normal with or without dosage adjustment.

Valproic acid has a major potential interaction with Metabolic Disorders.

Valproic acid and derivative products are contraindicated in patients with known urea cycle disorders (UCD), as hyperammonemic encephalopathy, sometimes fatal, has been reported on these patients following the initiation of treatment. Prior to the initiation of therapy, the evaluation for UCD should be considered in patients with history of unexplained encephalopathy or comma, encephalopathy associated with a protein load, pregnancy- related or postpartum encephalopathy, unexplained intellectual disability, or history of elevated plasma ammonia or glutamine. Also, those with family history of UCD or family history of unexplained infant deaths. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy while receiving valproate therapy should receive prompt treatment including treatment discontinuation and be evaluated for underlying urea cycle disorders.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Neurological Disorders.

Epinephrine should be administered with caution to patients with Parkinson's disease as these patients may experience psychomotor agitation or notice a temporary worsening of symptoms.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a moderate potential interaction with Parkinsonism.

Epinephrine should be administered with caution to patients with Parkinson's disease as these patients may experience psychomotor agitation or notice a temporary worsening of symptoms.

The EPINEPHrine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Pheochromocytoma.

Sympathomimetic agents may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, particularly when used in high dosages and/or in susceptible patients. In cardiac tissues, these agents may produce positive chronotropic and inotropic effects via stimulation of beta- 1 adrenergic receptors. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and the work of the heart may be increased. In the peripheral vasculature, vasoconstriction may occur via stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension, reflex bradycardia, coronary occlusion, cerebral vasculitis, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and death have been reported. Some of these agents, particularly ephedra alkaloids (ephedrine, ma huang, phenylpropanolamine), may also predispose patients to hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Therapy with sympathomimetic agents should generally be avoided or administered cautiously in patients with sensitivity to sympathomimetic amines, hyperthyroidism, or underlying cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disorders. These agents should not be used in patients with severe coronary artery disease or severe/uncontrolled hypertension.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Psychosis.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical studies involving the use of 11 different AEDs showed that patients receiving AEDs had approximately twice the risk of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients receiving placebo. AEDs should be administered cautiously in patients with depression or other psychiatric disorders; phentermine-topiramate should be avoided in patients with history of suicidal attempts or active suicidal ideation. The risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior should be carefully assessed against the risk of untreated illness, bearing in mind that epilepsy and many other conditions for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Patients, caregivers, and families should be alert to the emergence or worsening of signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts or behavior. If patients have symptoms of suicidal ideation or behavior, a dosage reduction or treatment discontinuation should be considered.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Renal Dysfunction.

Lidocaine is primarily eliminated by the kidney. Less than 10% is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Two active metabolites (MEGX and GX) have been identified that exhibit antiarrhythmic and convulsant properties. GX accumulates during prolonged intravenous lidocaine infusion. Serum concentrations of lidocaine and the active metabolites are increased and the half-life prolonged in patients with renal impairment. Therapy with lidocaine should be administered cautiously and dosing modified for repeated or maintenance doses in patients with compromised renal function. Clinical monitoring of cardiac function (continual ECG) is required and serum metabolite concentrations and monitoring renal function are recommended.

The lidocaine in Flavalta has a major potential interaction with Seizures.

Seizures have occurred during lidocaine therapy and have been associated with the rapid administration of a large intravenous doses or accumulation of active metabolites with maintenance therapy. Therapy with lidocaine should be administered cautiously to patients with or predisposed to seizure disorders. Clinical monitoring of cardiac (continuous ECG) is required, and serum metabolite concentrations are recommended.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Thrombocytopathy.

The use of valproate derivatives may be associated with dose-related thrombocytopenia, the incidence of which is generally low but has been reported at up to 27% in one study using high dosages (approximately 50 mg/kg/day of valproic acid). In that study, platelet counts returned to normal in all patients, some despite continued treatment. Valproate may also inhibit the secondary phase of platelet aggregation, although this effect is unlikely to be of clinical significance except during the concomitant use of other drugs that affect coagulation. However, altered bleeding time, ecchymosis, petechiae, bruising, hematoma formation, epistaxis, and frank hemorrhage have been reported rarely. Hypofibrinogenemia has also been observed. Therapy with valproate products, particularly at high dosages, should be administered cautiously in patients with significant active bleeding or a hemorrhagic diathesis, including hemostatic and/or coagulation defects associated with hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, or severe hepatic impairment. The manufacturers recommend platelet counts and coagulation tests prior to initiating therapy and at periodic intervals thereafter, as well as before planned surgery. The dosage should be reduced or the drug withdrawn if clinical evidence of hemorrhage, bruising, or a disorder of hemostasis or coagulation occurs.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Thrombocytopenia.

The use of valproate derivatives may be associated with dose-related thrombocytopenia, the incidence of which is generally low but has been reported at up to 27% in one study using high dosages (approximately 50 mg/kg/day of valproic acid). In that study, platelet counts returned to normal in all patients, some despite continued treatment. Valproate may also inhibit the secondary phase of platelet aggregation, although this effect is unlikely to be of clinical significance except during the concomitant use of other drugs that affect coagulation. However, altered bleeding time, ecchymosis, petechiae, bruising, hematoma formation, epistaxis, and frank hemorrhage have been reported rarely. Hypofibrinogenemia has also been observed. Therapy with valproate products, particularly at high dosages, should be administered cautiously in patients with significant active bleeding or a hemorrhagic diathesis, including hemostatic and/or coagulation defects associated with hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, or severe hepatic impairment. The manufacturers recommend platelet counts and coagulation tests prior to initiating therapy and at periodic intervals thereafter, as well as before planned surgery. The dosage should be reduced or the drug withdrawn if clinical evidence of hemorrhage, bruising, or a disorder of hemostasis or coagulation occurs.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Thyroid Disease.

The manufacturers state that there have been reports of altered thyroid function tests associated with the use of valproate. However, no specific information is given. Clinicians should be cognizant of this potential effect when prescribing or administering valproate products to patients with thyroid disease.

Valproic acid has a moderate potential interaction with Vitamin K Deficiency.

The use of valproate derivatives may be associated with dose-related thrombocytopenia, the incidence of which is generally low but has been reported at up to 27% in one study using high dosages (approximately 50 mg/kg/day of valproic acid). In that study, platelet counts returned to normal in all patients, some despite continued treatment. Valproate may also inhibit the secondary phase of platelet aggregation, although this effect is unlikely to be of clinical significance except during the concomitant use of other drugs that affect coagulation. However, altered bleeding time, ecchymosis, petechiae, bruising, hematoma formation, epistaxis, and frank hemorrhage have been reported rarely. Hypofibrinogenemia has also been observed. Therapy with valproate products, particularly at high dosages, should be administered cautiously in patients with significant active bleeding or a hemorrhagic diathesis, including hemostatic and/or coagulation defects associated with hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy, or severe hepatic impairment. The manufacturers recommend platelet counts and coagulation tests prior to initiating therapy and at periodic intervals thereafter, as well as before planned surgery. The dosage should be reduced or the drug withdrawn if clinical evidence of hemorrhage, bruising, or a disorder of hemostasis or coagulation occurs.