Class: HIV Integrase Inhibitors
Chemical Name: N-[(4-Fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-{1-methyl-1-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino]ethyl}-6-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarboxamide monopotassium salt
Molecular Formula: C20H20FKN6O5
CAS Number: 871038-72-1
Brands: Isentress
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Sep 28, 2020.
Introduction
Antiretroviral; HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI).1 200
Uses for Raltegravir
Treatment of HIV Infection
Treatment of HIV-1 infection in antiretroviral-naive (have not previously received antiretroviral therapy) or antiretroviral-experienced (previously treated) adults and pediatric patients weighing 2 kg or more;1 8 14 usually used in conjunction with 2 HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (dual NRTIs).1 200 201
For initial treatment in antiretroviral-naive adults and adolescents, experts state that a 3-drug regimen of raltegravir in conjunction with a tenofovir prodrug (tenofovir alafenamide fumarate [TAF] or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF; tenofovir DF]) and emtricitabine or lamivudine is a recommended INSTI-based regimen for most patients.200
Experts state that a 2-drug regimen of ritonavir-boosted darunavir (once daily) and raltegravir (twice daily) can be considered for initial treatment in antiretroviral-naive adults when abacavir, TAF, and TDF cannot be used or are not optimal and patient has a plasma HIV-1 RNA level <100,000 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell count >200 cells/mm3.200 However, do not use this 2-drug regimen in patients with HIV-1 resistant to darunavir or raltegravir and do not use in those coinfected with HBV.200
Most appropriate antiretroviral regimen cannot be defined for every clinical scenario; select regimen based on information regarding antiretroviral potency, potential rate of resistance development, known toxicities, potential for pharmacokinetic interactions, and patient's virologic, immunologic, and clinical characteristics.200 201 202 Guidelines for the management of HIV infection, including specific recommendations for initial treatment in antiretroviral-naive patients and recommendations for changing antiretroviral regimens, are available at [Web].200 201 202
Postexposure Prophylaxis following Occupational Exposure to HIV (PEP)
Postexposure prophylaxis of HIV infection following occupational exposure† (PEP) in health-care personnel and others exposed via percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick, cut with sharp object) or mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., chapped, abraded, dermatitis) contact with blood, tissue, or other body fluids that might contain HIV.199
USPHS recommends 3-drug regimen of raltegravir and emtricitabine and TDF as preferred regimen for PEP following occupational exposures to HIV.199 Alternative dual NRTIs for use with raltegravir are TDF and lamivudine, zidovudine and lamivudine, or zidovudine and emtricitabine.199
Management of occupational exposures to HIV is complex and evolving; consult infectious disease specialist, clinician with expertise in administration of antiretroviral agents, and/or National Clinicians’ Postexposure Prophylaxis Hotline (PEPline at 888-448-4911) whenever possible.199 Do not delay initiation of PEP while waiting for expert consultation.199
Postexposure Prophylaxis following Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV (nPEP)
Postexposure prophylaxis of HIV infection following nonoccupational exposure† (nPEP) in individuals exposed to blood, genital secretions, or other potentially infectious body fluids that might contain HIV when the exposure represents a substantial risk for HIV transmission.198 Used in conjunction with other antiretrovirals.198
When nPEP indicated in adults and adolescents ≥13 years of age with normal renal function, CDC states preferred regimen is either raltegravir or dolutegravir used in conjunction with emtricitabine and TDF (given as the fixed combination emtricitabine/TDF);198 recommended alternative in these patients is ritonavir-boosted darunavir used in conjunction with emtricitabine/TDF.198
Consult infectious disease specialist, clinician with expertise in administration of antiretroviral agents, and/or the National Clinicians’ Postexposure Prophylaxis Hotline (PEPline at 888-448-4911) if nPEP indicated in certain exposed individuals (e.g., pregnant women, children, those with medical conditions such as renal impairment) or if considering a regimen not included in CDC guidelines, source virus is known or likely to be resistant to antiretrovirals, or healthcare provider is inexperienced in prescribing antiretrovirals.198 Do not delay initiation of nPEP while waiting for expert consultation.198
Raltegravir Dosage and Administration
Administration
Oral Administration
Administer orally once or twice daily without regard to food.1 Use in conjunction with other antiretrovirals.1
Raltegravir (Isentress) 25- or 100-mg chewable tablets and 400-mg film-coated tablets: Administer twice daily.1
Raltegravir (Isentress HD) 600-mg film-coated tablets: Administer once daily.1
Raltegravir (Isentress) powder for oral suspension: Administer once or twice daily depending on age.1
Chewable Tablets
May be chewed or swallowed whole.1 If needed, 100-mg chewable tablets can be divided into equal halves.1
Used in pediatric patients ≥4 weeks of age weighing ≥11 to <25 kg.1 If needed, may be used as alternative in pediatric patients weighing ≥25 kg who cannot swallow film-coated tablets;1 however, the film-coated tablets are preferred in pediatric patients weighing ≥25 kg.1
Film-coated Tablets
Must be swallowed whole.1
400-mg film-coated tablets: Used in adults and pediatric patients weighing ≥25 kg.1
600-mg film-coated tablets: Used in adults and pediatric patients weighing ≥40 kg.1
Oral Suspension
Used in pediatric patients weighing 2 to <20 kg.1
Immediately prior to use, contents of a single-use packet of powder for oral suspension must be mixed in 10 mL of water to provide a suspension containing 10 mg/mL.1 Appropriate dosage of the suspension is then administered orally using dosing syringe provided by the manufacturer.1
To prepare oral suspension, use dosing syringe provided by the manufacturer to measure and add 10 mL of water to the mixing cup provided by the manufacturer.1 Open a single-dose packet of powder for oral suspension and add entire contents to the water in the mixing cup, tightly close mixing cup, and gently swirl for 45 seconds.1 If powder not completely mixed, gently swirl mixing cup some more.1 Do not shake;1 suspension will appear cloudy.1
Draw recommended dosage of oral suspension into the dosing syringe and administer orally.1
Administer within 30 minutes of mixing; discard any remaining suspension.1 After each use, handwash dosing syringe and mixing cup with warm water and dish soap, rinse with water, and air dry.1
Dosage
Available as raltegravir potassium; dosage expressed in terms of raltegravir.1
Raltegravir chewable tablets and oral suspension are not bioequivalent to raltegravir film-coated tablets;1 do not substitute chewable tablets or oral suspension for the 400- or 600-mg film-coated tablets.1
Pediatric Patients
Treatment of HIV-1 Infection
Full-term Neonates Weighing ≥2 kg
OralUse powder for oral suspension in full-term neonates (birth through 4 weeks [28 days] of age) weighing ≥2 kg.1 Dosage is based on weight; use once-daily regimen in neonates up to 1 week of age and use twice-daily regimen in those 1–4 weeks of age.1 (See Table 1.)
If the mother received a dose of raltegravir (Isentress or Isentress HD) within 2–24 hours before delivery, give first raltegravir dose in the neonate 24–48 hours after birth.
Recommended dosage of raltegravir oral suspension in neonates from birth to 1 week of age is based on approximately 1.5 mg/kg per dose.
Recommended dosage of raltegravir oral suspension in neonates 1–4 weeks of age is based on approximately 3 mg/kg per dose.
Weight (kg) |
Volume (Dose) of Oral Suspension Containing 10 mg/mL |
---|---|
Birth to 1 Week of Age (Once-daily Regimen) |
|
2 to <3 |
0.4 mL (4 mg) once daily |
3 to <4 |
0.5 mL (5 mg) once daily |
4 to <5 |
0.7 mL (7 mg) once daily |
1–4 Weeks of Age (Twice-daily Regimen) |
|
2 to <3 |
0.8 mL (8 mg) twice daily |
3 to <4 |
1 mL (10 mg) twice daily |
4 to <5 |
1.5 mL (15 mg) twice daily |
Pediatric Patients ≥4 weeks of Age Weighing 3 to <25 kg
OralUse powder for oral suspension in those weighing 3 to <11 kg; use either powder for oral suspension or chewable tablets in those weighing 11 to <20 kg; and use chewable tablets in those weighing 20 to <25 kg.1 Dosage is based on weight and depends on whether powder for oral suspension or chewable tablets are used.1 Use twice-daily regimen in these pediatric patients.1 (See Table 2.)
Recommended weight-based dosage of oral suspension or chewable tablets in pediatric patients ≥4 weeks of age weighing 3 to <25 kg is based on approximately 6 mg/kg twice daily.
In those weighing 11 to <20 kg, may use either the recommended dosage of oral suspension or recommended dosage of chewable tablets.
The 100-mg chewable tablets can be divided into equal halves.
Weight (kg) |
Volume (Dose) of Oral Suspension Containing 10 mg/mL |
Number of 25- or 100-mg Chewable Tablets |
---|---|---|
3 to <4 |
2.5 mL (25 mg) twice daily |
Do not use |
4 to <6 |
3 mL (30 mg) twice daily |
Do not use |
6 to <8 |
4 mL (40 mg) twice daily |
Do not use |
8 to <11 |
6 mL (60 mg) twice daily |
Do not use |
11 to <14 |
8 mL (80 mg) twice daily |
Three 25-mg tablets twice daily |
14 to <20 |
10 mL (100 mg) twice daily |
One 100-mg tablet twice daily |
20 to <25 |
Do not use |
One and one-half 100-mg tablets twice daily |
Pediatric Patients Weighing ≥25 kg Who are Unable to Swallow Film-coated Tablets
OralFilm-coated tablets are preferred, but may use chewable tablets in those unable to swallow the film-coated tablets.1 When chewable tablets used, dosage is based on weight and twice-daily regimen is used.1 (See Table 3.)
Recommended weight-based dosage of chewable tablets in pediatric patients weighing ≥25 kg is based on approximately 6 mg/kg twice daily.
The 100-mg chewable tablets can be divided into equal halves.
Weight (kg) |
Dosage |
Number of 100-mg Chewable Tablets |
---|---|---|
25 to <28 |
150 mg twice daily |
One and one-half 100-mg tablets twice daily |
28 to <40 |
200 mg twice daily |
Two 100-mg tablets twice daily |
≥40 |
300 mg twice daily |
Three 100-mg tablets twice daily |
Pediatric Patients Weighing 25 to <40 kg Who are Able to Swallow Film-coated Tablets
Oral400 mg twice daily (one 400-mg film-coated tablet twice daily).1
Pediatric Patients Weighing ≥40 kg
Oral400 mg twice daily (one 400-mg film-coated tablet twice daily).1 Alternatively, 1.2 g once daily (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily).1
Virologically suppressed on initial regimen of raltegravir 400 mg twice daily: Continue same twice-daily regimen or switch to 1.2 g once daily (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily).1
Adults
Treatment of HIV-1 Infection
Antiretroviral-naive Adults
Oral400 mg twice daily (one 400-mg film-coated tablet twice daily).1 Alternatively, 1.2 g once daily (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily).1
Adults receiving rifampin: 800 mg twice daily (two 400-mg film-coated tablets twice daily).1
Antiretroviral-experienced Adults
Oral400 mg twice daily (one 400-mg film-coated tablet twice daily).1
Virologically suppressed on initial regimen of raltegravir 400 mg twice daily: Continue same twice-daily regimen or switch to 1.2 g once daily (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily).1
Adults receiving rifampin: 800 mg twice daily (two 400-mg film-coated tablets twice daily).1
Postexposure Prophylaxis following Occupational Exposure to HIV (PEP)†
Oral400 mg twice daily.199 Used in conjunction with 2 NRTIs (see Postexposure Prophylaxis following Occupational Exposure to HIV [PEP] under Uses).199
Initiate PEP as soon as possible following exposure to HIV (preferably within hours); continue for 4 weeks, if tolerated.199
Postexposure Prophylaxis following Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV (nPEP)†
Oral400 mg twice daily.198 Use in conjunction with 2 NRTIs (see Postexposure Prophylaxis following Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV [nPEP] under Uses).198
Initiate nPEP as soon as possible (within 72 hours) following nonoccupational exposure that represents a substantial risk for HIV transmission and continue for 28 days.198
nPEP not recommended if exposed individual seeks care ≥72 hours after exposure.198
Prescribing Limits
Pediatric Patients
Treatment of HIV Infection
Pediatric Patients Weighing ≥2 to <20 kg
OralOral suspension: Maximum 100 mg twice daily.1
Pediatric Patients ≥4 Weeks of Age Weighing ≥11 to <25 kg
OralChewable tablets: Maximum 300 mg twice daily.1
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
Raltegravir (twice daily): Dosage adjustments not needed in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment;1 200 not studied in those with severe hepatic impairment.1
Raltegravir (once daily): Not recommended.1 (See Hepatic Impairment under Cautions.)
Renal Impairment
Raltegravir (once or twice daily): Dosage adjustments not needed in patients with renal impairment.1 200 Avoid administering raltegravir before dialysis session.1 (See Renal Impairment under Cautions.)
Geriatric Patients
Select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and concomitant disease and drug therapy.1 (See Geriatric Use under Cautions.)
Cautions for Raltegravir
Contraindications
-
Manufacturer states none known.1
Warnings/Precautions
Sensitivity Reactions
Severe Skin and Hypersensitivity Reactions
Severe, potentially life-threatening skin reactions, including some fatalities, reported.1 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and hypersensitivity reactions characterized by rash, constitutional findings, and organ dysfunction (including hepatic failure) have occurred.1
Immediately discontinue raltegravir and any other suspect agents if signs or symptoms of severe skin or hypersensitivity reactions occur, including (but not limited to) severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters, oral lesions, conjunctivitis, facial edema, hepatitis, eosinophilia, or angioedema.1 Monitor clinical status, including liver aminotransferases, and initiate appropriate therapy.1
Life-threatening reactions could occur if discontinuance of raltegravir and any other suspect agents is delayed after onset of severe rash.1
Interactions
Concomitant use of raltegravir with drugs that are potent inducers of UGT1A1 (e.g., rifampin) may result in decreased plasma concentrations of raltegravir.1 (See Interactions.)
Musculoskeletal Effects
Increased serum CK concentrations, myopathy, and rhabdomyolysis reported.1
Use with caution in patients at increased risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis, including those receiving concomitant therapy with drugs known to cause myopathy or rhabdomyolysis (e.g., hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors [statins], fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, zidovudine) and those with history of rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, or increased serum CK concentrations.1
HIV-infected Individuals Coinfected with HBV or HCV
Safety profile of raltegravir in HIV-infected patients with HBV or HCV coinfection is similar to that in HIV-infected patients without such coinfection, but increased AST and ALT concentrations reported more frequently.1
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome
During initial treatment, HIV-infected patients who respond to antiretroviral therapy may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (e.g., Mycobacterium avium, M. tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus [CMV], Pneumocystis jirovecii);1 this may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.1
Autoimmune disorders (e.g., Graves' disease, polymyositis, Guillain-Barré syndrome) also reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution;1 time to onset is more variable and can occur many months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.1
Pharmacogenomics
Phenylketonuria
Advise individuals with phenylketonuria (i.e., homozygous genetic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase) and other individuals who must restrict phenylalanine intake that raltegravir (Isentress) chewable tablets contain aspartame (NutraSweet),1 which is metabolized in the GI tract to phenylalanine.104 105
Each 25- or 100-mg raltegravir chewable tablet (Isentress) provides approximately 0.05 or 0.1 mg of phenylalanine, respectively.1
UGT1A1 Polymorphism
Raltegravir metabolized primarily by UGT1A.1 However, common UGT1A1 polymorphisms do not appear to alter pharmacokinetics of the drug to any clinically important extent.1
In a study in adults, raltegravir AUC in those with UGT1A1*28/*28 genotype (associated with reduced UGT1A1 activity) was compared to AUC in those with wild-type UGT1A1 genotype; geometric mean AUC ratio was 1.41.1
In a neonatal clinical trial (IMPAACT P1110), there was no association between apparent clearance of raltegravir and UGT1A1 polymorphisms.1 Raltegravir dosage recommendations for neonates <4 weeks of age take into consideration the rapidly increasing UGT1A1 activity and drug clearance that occurs from birth to 4 weeks of age;1 UGT1A1 catalytic activity is negligible at birth and matures after birth.1
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry at 800-258-4263 or [Web].1 202
Raltegravir readily crosses human placenta.202
Available data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry show no difference in the rate of overall birth defects in infants of pregnant women receiving raltegravir compared with the background rate of major birth defects in the US.1 In animal studies (rats and rabbits), no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes when raltegravir given orally during organogenesis at doses producing exposures approximately 4 times those reported with maximum recommended human dose.1
Experts state that raltegravir (twice daily) is a preferred antiretroviral for use in 3-drug antiretroviral regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection in antiretroviral-naive and previously treated pregnant women and in women of childbearing potential trying to conceive.202 Although raltegravir plasma concentrations and AUC may be decreased during pregnancy, this is not considered clinically important and adjustment of raltegravir dosage during pregnancy not warranted.202 However, experts state do not use once-daily raltegravir regimens in pregnant women pending further accumulation of data.202
Lactation
Not known whether distributed into human milk;1 202 distributed into milk in rats.1 202
Not known whether raltegravir affects human milk production or affects the breast-fed infant.1
Instruct HIV-infected women not to breast-feed because of risk of HIV transmission and risk of adverse effects in the infant.1 202
Pediatric Use
Raltegravir (Isentress): Labeled by FDA for use in pediatric patients weighing ≥2 kg;1 not recommended in preterm neonates or pediatric patients weighing <2 kg.1
Raltegravir (Isentress HD): Labeled by FDA for use in pediatric patients weighing ≥40 kg.1 Although not studied in pediatric patients, manufacturer states that population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation support use of the once-daily regimen (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily) in those weighing ≥40 kg.1
Safety and pharmacokinetics of the oral suspension were evaluated in full-term HIV-1 exposed neonates at high risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection in a clinical trial (IMPAACT P1110).1 Safety profile of the drug in these neonates was comparable to that observed in adults receiving the drug.1
Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of twice-daily raltegravir were evaluated in HIV-1 infected pediatric patients 4 weeks to 18 years of age in a clinical trial, (IMPAACT P1066).1 Safety profile of the drug in these pediatric patients was comparable to that observed in adults receiving the drug.1
Geriatric Use
Insufficient experience in those ≥65 years of age to determine whether they respond differently than younger adults.1 Select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and concomitant disease and drug therapy.1
Hepatic Impairment
Pharmacokinetics of a single 400-mg dose not altered in adults with moderate hepatic impairment;1 not studied in those with severe hepatic impairment.1
Once-daily raltegravir regimen (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily) not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment; pharmacokinetics of raltegravir (once daily) not studied in such patients.1
Risk for further elevations in hepatic enzyme concentrations in patients with chronic HBV or HCV infection.1
Renal Impairment
Pharmacokinetics of a single 400-mg dose not altered in adults with severe renal impairment (Clcr <30 mL/minute per 1.73 m2).1
Pharmacokinetics of once-daily regimen (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily) not evaluated in patients with renal impairment.1
Because renal clearance is a minor elimination pathway for unchanged raltegravir, dosage adjustment of raltegravir (once or twice daily) not needed in patients with any degree of renal impairment.1
Extent of removal by dialysis not known;1 avoid administering before dialysis session.1 (See Renal Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)
Common Adverse Effects
Insomnia, headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, hyperglycemia, decreased neutrophil count, and increased serum aminotransferases, total bilirubin, lipase, pancreatic amylase, CK, cholesterol.1
Interactions for Raltegravir
Raltegravir is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1.1 Does not inhibit UGT1A1 or 2B7 in vitro.1
Not a substrate for CYP isoenzymes.1 Does not inhibit CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A and does not induce CYP1A2, 2B6, or 3A4.1
Does not inhibit P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport.1
Drugs Affecting or Metabolized by UGT
UGT1A1 inducers: Possible decreased raltegravir plasma concentrations.1
UGT1A1 inhibitors: Possible increased raltegravir plasma concentrations.1
Drugs Affecting or Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
Pharmacokinetic interactions unlikely with drugs that are substrates for CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A.1
Specific Drugs
Drug |
Interaction |
Comments |
---|---|---|
Abacavir |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
α1-Adrenergic blocking agents (alfuzosin, doxazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin, terazosin) |
Raltegravir not expected to affect α1-adrenergic blocking agent concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
β-Adrenergic blocking agents |
Metoprolol, timolol: Raltegravir not expected to affect β-adrenergic blocking agent concentrations200 |
Metoprolol, timolol: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Antacids, aluminum-, calcium-, or magnesium-containing |
Aluminum- and/or magnesium-containing antacids: Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC1 200 Calcium-containing antacids: Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC in those receiving raltegravir (twice daily)1 200 |
Aluminum- and/or magnesium-containing antacids: Do not use in patients receiving raltegravir;1 200 use alternative acid-reducing agent200 Calcium-containing antacids: Dosage adjustments not needed if used concomitantly with raltegravir (twice daily);1 200 concomitant use with raltegravir (once daily) not recommended1 200 |
Antiarrhythmic agents |
Amiodarone, digoxin, disopyramide, dofetilide, dronedarone, flecainide, systemic lidocaine, mexiletine, propafenone, quinidine: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these antiarrhythmic agents200 |
Amiodarone, digoxin, disopyramide, dofetilide, dronedarone, flecainide, systemic lidocaine, mexiletine, propafenone, quinidine: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Anticoagulants |
Apixaban, betrixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these anticoagulants200 Warfarin: Raltegravir not expected to affect warfarin concentrations200 |
Apixaban, betrixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban: Dosage adjustments not needed200 Warfarin: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Anticonvulsants |
Carbamazepine: Effect on raltegravir pharmacokinetics unknown1 Eslicarbazepine: Possible decreased raltegravir concentrations200 Ethosuximide, lamotrigine: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these anticonvulsants200 Oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin: Possible decreased raltegravir concentrations1 Valproic acid: Data not available200 |
Carbamazepine: Concomitant use not recommended200 Eslicarbazepine: Some experts state consider alternative anticonvulsant or alternative antiretroviral200 Ethosuximide, lamotrigine: Dosage adjustments not needed200 Oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin: Concomitant use not recommended;1 consider alternative anticonvulsant or alternative antiretroviral200 Valproic acid: Some experts recommend monitoring valproic acid concentrations and virologic response if used with raltegravir200 |
Antidiabetic agents |
Metformin: Raltegravir not expected to affect metformin concentrations200 Saxagliptin or fixed combination of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin (dapagliflozin/saxagliptin): Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these antidiabetic agents200 |
Metformin: Dosage adjustments not needed200 Saxagliptin, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Antifungals, azoles |
Itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole: Pharmacokinetic interactions not expected if used with raltegravir200 |
Itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Antimycobacterials, rifamycins (rifabutin, rifampin, rifapentine) |
Rifabutin: Increased raltegravir AUC200 Rifampin: Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC1 200 Rifapentine: Altered raltegravir concentrations;200 once-daily rifapentine decreases raltegravir concentrations;200 once-weekly rifapentine decreases raltegravir concentrations but increases raltegravir AUC200 |
Rifabutin: Experts state dosage adjustments not needed if used with raltegravir200 Rifampin: In adults receiving raltegravir (twice daily), increase dosage of raltegravir to 800 mg twice daily1 200 and monitor closely for virologic response or consider use of rifabutin instead;200 concomitant use with raltegravir (once daily) not recommended;1 200 data insufficient to make dosage recommendations for concomitant use in pediatric patients1 Rifapentine: Dosage adjustments not needed if once-weekly rifapentine used with raltegravir;200 do not use once-daily rifapentine with raltegravir200 |
Antiplatelet agents |
Clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, vorapaxar: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these antiplatelet agents200 |
Clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, vorapaxar: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Antipsychotic agents |
Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lurasidone, pimavanserin, pimozide, quetiapine, ziprasidone: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these antipsychotic agents200 |
Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, iloperidone, lurasidone, pimavanserin, pimozide, quetiapine, ziprasidone: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Atazanavir |
Ritonavir-boosted or unboosted atazanavir: Increased raltegravir concentrations and AUC;1 200 not considered clinically important1 Cobicistat-boosted atazanavir: Data not available200 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
Ritonavir-boosted, cobicistat-boosted, or unboosted atazanavir: Dosage adjustments not needed1 200 |
Benzodiazepines |
Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, triazolam: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these benzodiazepines200 Midazolam: No clinically important effects on midazolam pharmacokinetics1 10 |
Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flurazepam, midazolam, triazolam: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Bosentan |
Raltegravir not expected to affect bosentan concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Buprenorphine |
Buprenorphine (buccal, sublingual, subdermal implant): Raltegravir not expected to affect buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Bupropion |
Raltegravir not expected to affect bupropion concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Buspirone |
Raltegravir not expected to affect buspirone concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Calcifediol |
Raltegravir not expected to affect calcifediol concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Calcium-channel blocking agents |
No pharmacokinetic interactions with raltegravir expected200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Calcium supplements |
Possible decreased raltegravir concentrations200 |
Some experts recommend giving raltegravir ≥2 hours before or ≥6 hours after oral supplements containing calcium200 |
Colchicine |
Raltegravir not expected to affect colchicine concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Corticosteroids |
Betamethasone, budesonide, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone (systemic): Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these systemic corticosteroids200 Beclomethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone (orally inhaled or intranasal): Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these corticosteroids200 Betamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, triamcinolone (intra-articular, epidural, intraorbital): Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these corticosteroids200 |
Betamethasone, budesonide, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone (systemic): Dosage adjustments not needed200 Beclomethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, mometasone (orally inhaled or intranasal): Dosage adjustments not needed200 Betamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, triamcinolone (intra-articular, epidural, intraorbital): Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Darunavir |
Ritonavir-boosted darunavir: Decreased raltegravir AUC, but no clinically important effects on pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir;1 200 not considered clinically important1 Cobicistat-boosted darunavir: Data not available200 |
Ritonavir-boosted or cobicistat-boosted darunavir: Dosage adjustments not needed if used with raltegravir1 200 |
Delavirdine |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Didanosine |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Dolutegravir |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects236 |
|
Doravirine |
No pharmacokinetic interactions expected200 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects255 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Dronabinol |
Raltegravir not expected to affect dronabinol concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Efavirenz |
Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC;1 11 200 not considered clinically important1 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
Dosage adjustments not needed if used with raltegravir (twice daily);1 200 concomitant use with raltegravir (once daily) not recommended1 200 |
Elbasvir and grazoprevir |
Elbasvir: No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions with raltegravir177 200 Grazoprevir: Increased raltegravir concentrations and AUC;177 200 no effect on grazoprevir concentrations177 200 |
Fixed combination of elbasvir and grazoprevir (elbasvir/grazoprevir): Dosage adjustments not needed177 200 |
Eluxadoline |
Raltegravir not expected to affect eluxadoline concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Enfuvirtide |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Eplerenone |
Raltegravir not expected to affect eplerenone concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Ergot alkaloids (dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergonovine) |
Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of ergot alkaloids200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Estrogens and progestins |
Estradiol, estrogen, conjugated estrogens: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these estrogens200 Drospirenone, medroxyprogesterone, progesterone: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these hormones200 Oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate: Raltegravir has no effect on pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol or norgestimate200 |
Estradiol, estrogen, conjugated estrogens: Dosage adjustments not needed200 Drospirenone, medroxyprogesterone, progesterone: Dosage adjustments not needed200 Oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Etravirine |
Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC (not clinically important); no clinically important effect on etravirine pharmacokinetics1 200 214 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects214 |
Dosage adjustments not needed if used concomitantly with raltegravir1 200 214 |
Fentanyl |
Raltegravir not expected to affect fentanyl concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Flibanserin |
Raltegravir not expected to affect flibanserin concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Fosamprenavir |
Fosamprenavir or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir: Decreased concentrations and AUCs of raltegravir and amprenavir (active metabolite of fosamprenavir)205 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects with amprenavir1 |
Fosamprenavir or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir: Appropriate dosages for concomitant use with respect to safety and efficacy not established205 |
Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir |
Fixed combination of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir): No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions200 |
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Goserelin |
Raltegravir not expected to affect goserelin concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists |
Increased raltegravir concentrations and AUC200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) |
Atorvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these statins200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Immunosuppressive agents |
Cyclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these immunosuppressive agents200 |
Cyclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus, tacrolimus: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Indinavir |
No vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Iron preparations |
Possible decreased raltegravir concentrations200 |
Some experts recommend giving raltegravir ≥2 hours before or ≥6 hours after oral supplements containing iron200 |
Ivabradine |
Raltegravir not expected to affect ivabradine concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Lamivudine |
No clinically important effects on lamivudine pharmacokinetics1 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
Dosage adjustments not needed if lamivudine used with raltegravir1 |
Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir |
Ledipasvir: No clinically important effects on pharmacokinetics of raltegravir or ledipasvir181 200 Fixed combination of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir): Clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions with raltegravir not expected181 200 |
Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Leuprolide |
Raltegravir not expected to affect leuprolide concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Lofexidine |
Raltegravir not expected to affect lofexidine concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Lomitapide |
Raltegravir not expected to affect lomitapide concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir |
Decreased raltegravir concentrations;200 no change in lopinavir/ritonavir concentrations200 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Macrolides |
Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin: Raltegravir not expected to affect macrolide concentrations200 |
Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Maraviroc |
Decreased raltegravir AUC and decreased maraviroc AUC200 |
Some experts state dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Methadone |
No clinically important effects on methadone pharmacokinetics1 200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Nefazodone |
Raltegravir not expected to affect nefazodone concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Nelfinavir |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Nevirapine |
Data not available200 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
Some experts state dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 5 inhibitors |
Avanafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these PDE5 inhibitors200 |
Avanafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Proton-pump inhibitors |
Omeprazole: Increased raltegravir concentrations and AUC;1 not considered clinically important1 Not expected to have clinically important effects on pharmacokinetics of proton-pump inhibitors1 |
Omeprazole or other proton-pump inhibitors: Dosage adjustments not needed1 200 |
Ranolazine |
Raltegravir not expected to affect ranolazine concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Rilpivirine |
Increased raltegravir concentrations;200 226 not considered clinically important226 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects226 |
|
Selective β-adrenergic agonists |
Arformoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, salmeterol (orally inhaled): Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of the β-adrenergic agonist200 |
Arformoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, salmeterol (orally inhaled): Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Saquinavir |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Sofosbuvir |
Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC, but no effect on sofosbuvir pharmacokinetics;188 not considered clinically important188 |
Dosage adjustments not needed188 |
Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir |
Fixed combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir): No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions176 200 |
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir |
Fixed combination of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir): No clinically important pharmacokinetic interactions expected200 |
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Spironolactone |
Raltegravir not expected to affect spironolactone concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
SSRIs |
Citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline: No pharmacokinetic interactions with raltegravir expected200 |
Citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Stavudine |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Sucralfate |
Possible decreased raltegravir concentrations1 |
Some experts recommend giving raltegravir ≥2 hours before or ≥6 hours after sucralfate200 |
Suvorexant |
Raltegravir not expected to affect suvorexant concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Tenofovir |
Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF): Pharmacokinetic interactions not expected1 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): Increased raltegravir concentrations and AUC (not clinically important); no clinically important effects on tenofovir pharmacokinetics1 200 No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Testosterone |
Raltegravir not expected to affect testosterone concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Tipranavir |
Ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: Decreased raltegravir concentrations and AUC;1 200 not considered clinically important1 |
Ritonavir-boosted tipranavir: Dosage adjustments not needed if used with raltegravir (twice daily);1 concomitant use with raltegravir (once daily) not recommended1 200 |
Tramadol |
Raltegravir not expected to affect tramadol concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Trazodone |
Raltegravir not expected to affect trazodone concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Tricyclic antidepressants |
Amitriptyline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline: Raltegravir not expected to affect concentrations of these tricyclic antidepressants200 |
Amitriptyline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline: Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Zidovudine |
No in vitro evidence of antagonistic antiretroviral effects1 |
|
Zolpidem |
Raltegravir not expected to affect zolpidem concentrations200 |
Dosage adjustments not needed200 |
Raltegravir Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Absolute bioavailability of raltegravir not established.1
Oral bioavailability is higher with raltegravir chewable tablets and oral suspension than with raltegravir 400-mg film-coated tablets;1 the 600-mg film-coated tablets have higher relative bioavailability compared to the 400-mg film-coated tablets.1
Because the formulations have different pharmacokinetic profiles, the chewable tablets and oral suspension are not bioequivalent to the film-coated tablets.1
Raltegravir (Isentress) 400-mg film-coated tablets in fasting adults: Peak plasma concentrations attained in approximately 3 hours.1
Raltegravir (Isentress HD) 600-mg film-coated tablets: Peak plasma concentrations attained in approximately 1.5–2 hours after a dose.1
Increases in peak plasma concentrations and AUC are dose proportional or slightly less than dose proportional over the dose range of 100 mg to 1.6 g.1
Film-coated tablets: Steady state attained in 2 days with the twice-daily regimen (400 mg twice daily) or once-daily regimen (1.2 g once daily).1
Chewable tablets in pediatric patients weighing >25 kg: Lower trough plasma concentrations compared with film-coated tablets.1
Food
Studies using raltegravir chewable tablets, film-coated tablets, and powder for oral suspension indicate food affects peak plasma concentrations and AUC.1 Not considered clinically important.1
Distribution
Extent
Raltegravir distributed into CSF; clinical importance unknown.1
Readily crosses human placenta.202
Not known whether distributed into human milk;1 distributed into milk in rats.1
Plasma Protein Binding
Approximately 83%.1
Elimination
Metabolism
Raltegravir metabolized primarily by UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation in the liver.1 200 (See UGT1A1 Polymorphism in Cautions.)
Elimination Route
Raltegravir excreted in feces (51%) and urine (32%).1
Extent of removal by dialysis not known.1
Half-life
Approximately 9 hours.1
Special Populations
Moderate hepatic impairment: Study using single 400-mg dose indicates no clinically important differences in raltegravir pharmacokinetics compared with healthy individuals.1 Pharmacokinetics after 1.2 g once daily (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily) in patients with hepatic impairment not studied.1
Severe hepatic impairment: Raltegravir pharmacokinetics not studied.1
Severe renal impairment (Clcr <30 mL/minute per 1.73 m2): Study using single 400-mg dose indicates no clinically important differences in raltegravir pharmacokinetics compared with healthy individuals.1 Pharmacokinetics after 1.2 g once daily (two 600-mg film-coated tablets once daily) in patients with renal impairment not studied.1
Infants, children, and adolescents 4 weeks to 18 years of age receiving recommended pediatric dosage: Raltegravir pharmacokinetics similar to those reported in adults receiving 400 mg twice daily.1
Common UGT1A1 genotypes associated with reduced UGT1A1 activity do not appear to have clinically important effect on raltegravir pharmacokinetics compared with wild-type UGT1A1 genotype.1
Stability
Storage
Oral
Chewable Tablets
Raltegravir (Isentress): 20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1
Keep bottle tightly closed; do not remove desiccant.1
Film-coated Tablets
Raltegravir (Isentress, Isentress HD): 20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1
Keep bottle tightly closed; do not remove desiccant.1
Oral Suspension
Raltegravir (Isentress): 20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1
Do not open single-use foil packet of powder for oral suspension until ready to use.1
After suspending packet contents in water, discard suspension if not used within 30 minutes.1
Actions and Spectrum
-
Raltegravir is an HIV INSTI antiretroviral.1 200 Inhibits activity of HIV integrase, an enzyme that integrates HIV DNA into the host cell genome.4 1 Inhibition of integrase prevents propagation of viral infection.1 4
-
Active against HIV type 1 (HIV-1);1 200 also has some in vitro activity against HIV type 2 (HIV-2).1 200
-
HIV-1 resistant to raltegravir have been produced in vitro1 and have emerged during raltegravir therapy.1 17 18
-
Cross-resistance between raltegravir and other INSTIs (e.g., dolutegravir, elvitegravir) reported.19 20 21 22 23
Advice to Patients
-
Critical nature of compliance with HIV therapy and importance of remaining under the care of a clinician.1 200 Importance of taking as prescribed; do not alter or discontinue antiretroviral regimen without consulting clinician.1 200
-
Importance of using raltegravir in conjunction with other antiretrovirals—not for monotherapy.1
-
Antiretroviral therapy is not a cure for HIV infection; opportunistic infections and other complications associated with HIV disease may still occur.200
-
Advise patients that sustained decreases in plasma HIV RNA have been associated with reduced risk of progression to acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) and death.200
-
Advise patients that effective antiretroviral regimens can decrease HIV concentrations in blood and genital secretions and strict adherence to such regimens in conjunction with risk-reduction measures may decrease, but cannot absolutely eliminate, the risk of secondary transmission of HIV to others.200 Importance of continuing to practice safer sex (e.g., using latex or polyurethane condoms to minimize sexual contact with body fluids) and reducing high-risk behaviors (e.g., reusing or sharing needles).1 200
-
Importance of reading patient information provided by the manufacturer.1
-
If using raltegravir film-coated tablets, importance of swallowing whole;1 raltegravir chewable tablets can be chewed or swallowed whole.1 Inform patients with phenylketonuria that the chewable tablets contain aspartame.1
-
If using raltegravir for oral suspension, importance of parents and/or caregivers reading the manufacturer's instructions for use before preparing and administering the oral suspension.1 Instruct parents and/or caregivers that the oral suspension should be administered within 30 minutes of mixing.1
-
If a dose of raltegravir is missed, the dose should be taken as soon as it is remembered and the next dose taken at the regularly scheduled time.1 If a dose is skipped, a double dose should not be taken to make up for the missed dose.1
-
Advise patients that severe and potentially life-threatening rash has been reported.1 Importance of immediately discontinuing raltegravir and other suspect agents and seeking medical attention if rash occurs and is associated with fever, generally ill feeling, extreme tiredness, muscle or joint aches, breathing difficulty, blisters, oral lesions, eye inflammation, swelling of the face, eyes, lips, or mouth, and/or signs and symptoms of liver problems (e.g., yellowing of skin or whites of the eyes, dark or tea-colored urine, pale stools/bowel movements, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, or pain, aching, or sensitivity on the right side below ribs).1
-
Importance of informing clinician if patient has a history of rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, or increased CK concentrations or is receiving drugs known to cause these conditions (e.g., statins, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, zidovudine).1 Importance of immediately informing clinician if unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness occurs.1
-
Advise patients that signs and symptoms of inflammation from previous infections may occur soon after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in some individuals.1 Importance of immediately informing clinicians if any signs or symptoms of infection occur.1
-
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and herbal products, and any concomitant illnesses.1
-
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1 Advise HIV-infected women not to breast-feed.1
-
Importance of advising patients of other important precautionary information.1 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.
Routes |
Dosage Forms |
Strengths |
Brand Names |
Manufacturer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oral |
For suspension |
100 mg (of raltegravir) per packet |
Isentress |
Merck |
Tablets, chewable |
25 mg (of raltegravir) |
Isentress |
Merck |
|
100 mg (of raltegravir) |
Isentress |
Merck |
||
Tablets, film-coated |
400 mg (of raltegravir) |
Isentress |
Merck |
|
600 mg (of raltegravir) |
Isentress HD |
Merck |
AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2021, Selected Revisions September 28, 2020. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
1. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Isentress (raltegravir) film-coated tablets, chewable tablets, and for oral suspension and IsentressHD (raltegravir) film-coated tablets prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, NJ; 2019 Jan.
2. Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Teppler H et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of Raltegravir combined with optimized background therapy in treatment-experienced patients with drug-resistant HIV infection: week 96 results of the BENCHMRK 1 and 2 Phase III trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50:605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085491?dopt=AbstractPlus
4. Grinsztejn B, Nguyen BY, Katlama C et al for Protocol 005 team. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant virus: a phase II randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007; 369:1261-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17434401?dopt=AbstractPlus
8. Markowitz M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E et al. Sustained antiretroviral effect of raltegravir after 96 weeks of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009; 52:350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19648823?dopt=AbstractPlus
10. Iwamoto M, Kassahun K, Troyer MD et al. Lack of a pharmacokinetic effect of raltegravir on midazolam: in vitro/in vivo correlation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 48:209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18077730?dopt=AbstractPlus
11. Correll T, Klibanov OM. Integrase inhibitors: a new treatment option for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2008: 28:90-101.
14. Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN et al. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359:339-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650512?dopt=AbstractPlus
15. Nachman S, Zheng N, Acosta EP et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and 48-week efficacy of oral raltegravir in HIV-1-infected children aged 2 through 18 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; :. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24145879?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3890333&blobtype=pdf
17. Rockstroh JK, DeJesus E, Lennox JL et al. Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013; 63:77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412015?dopt=AbstractPlus
18. Eron JJ, Cooper DA, Steigbigel RT et al. Efficacy and safety of raltegravir for treatment of HIV for 5 years in the BENCHMRK studies: final results of two randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13:587-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23664333?dopt=AbstractPlus
19. Marinello J, Marchand C, Mott BT et al. Comparison of raltegravir and elvitegravir on HIV-1 integrase catalytic reactions and on a series of drug-resistant integrase mutants. Biochemistry. 2008; 47:9345-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18702518?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2660605&blobtype=pdf
20. Blanco JL, Varghese V, Rhee SY et al. HIV-1 integrase inhibitor resistance and its clinical implications. J Infect Dis. 2011; 203:1204-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459813?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3069732&blobtype=pdf
21. Garrido C, Villacian J, Zahonero N et al. Broad phenotypic cross-resistance to elvitegravir in HIV-infected patients failing on raltegravir-containing regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012; 56:2873-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22450969?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3370736&blobtype=pdf
22. Goethals O, Clayton R, Van Ginderen M et al. Resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase selected with elvitegravir confer reduced susceptibility to a wide range of integrase inhibitors. J Virol. 2008; 82:10366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715920?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2573211&blobtype=pdf
23. Underwood MR, Johns BA, Sato A et al. The activity of the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir against HIV-1 variants isolated from raltegravir-treated adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012; 61:297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22878423?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3804312&blobtype=pdf
24. Cahn P, Sax PE, Squires K et al. Raltegravir 1200 mg Once Daily vs 400 mg Twice Daily, With Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, for Previously Untreated HIV-1 Infection: Week 96 Results From ONCEMRK, a Randomized, Double-Blind, Noninferiority Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018; 78:589-598. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29771789?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6075877&blobtype=pdf
25. Raffi F, Babiker AG, Richert L et al. Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1: 96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014; 384:1942-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25103176?dopt=AbstractPlus
26. Taiwo B, Zheng L, Gallien S et al. Efficacy of a nucleoside-sparing regimen of darunavir/ritonavir plus raltegravir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients (ACTG A5262). AIDS. 2011; 25:2113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21857490?dopt=AbstractPlus http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC3515052&blobtype=pdf
104. Food and Drug Administration. Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption; aspartame. Final rule. [21 CFR Part 172] Fed Regist. 1983; 48:31376 82.
105. Anon. Aspartame and other sweeteners. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1982; 24:1 2.
176. Gilead Sciences. Epclusa (sofosbuvir and velpatasvir) tablets prescribing information. Foster City, CA; 2020 Mar.
177. Merck & Co., Inc. Zepatier (elbasvir and grazoprevir) tablets prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, NJ; 2019 Dec.
181. Gilead Sciences, Inc. Harvoni (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir) tablets prescribing information. Foster City, CA; 2020 Mar.
188. Gilead Sciences Inc. Sovaldi (sofosbuvir) tablets prescribing information. Foster City, CA; 2020 Mar.
198. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV – United States, 2016. From HHS AIDS Information (AIDSinfo) website. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov
199. Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA et al. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013; 34:875-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23917901?dopt=AbstractPlus
200. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents, US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Accessed 2020 Apr 20. Updates may be available at HHS AIDS Information (AIDSinfo) website. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov
201. Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of Children Living with HIV, US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Accessed 2020 Apr 20. Updates may be available at HHS AIDS Information (AIDSinfo) website. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov
202. Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission, US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Accessed 2020 Apr 20. Updates may be available at HHS AIDS Information (AIDSinfo) website. http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov
205. ViiV Healthcare. Lexiva (fosamprenavir calcium) tablets and oral suspension prescribing information. Research Triangle Park, NC; 2019 Mar.
214. Janssen. Intelence (etravirine) tablets prescribing information. Titusville, NJ; 2020 Jun.
226. Janssen Therapeutics. Edurant (rilpivirine) tablets prescribing information. Titusville, NJ; 2020 Mar.
236. ViiV Healthcare. Tivicay (dolutegravir) tablets prescribing information. Research Triangle Park, NC; 2020 Mar.
255. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Pifeltro (doravirine) tablets prescribing information. Whitehouse Station, NJ. 2019 Oct.
More about raltegravir
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