Drug Interactions between MKO Melt Dose Pack and ponesimod

MONITOR CLOSELY: Coadministration of ketamine with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. In addition, opioid analgesics, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines may prolong the time to complete recovery from anesthesia.

MANAGEMENT: During concomitant use of ketamine with other CNS depressants, including alcohol, close monitoring of neurologic status and respiratory parameters, including respiratory rate and pulse oximetry, is recommended. Dosage adjustments should be considered according to the patient's clinical situation. Ambulatory patients should be counseled to avoid hazardous activities requiring mental alertness and motor coordination until they know how these agents affect them, and to notify their physician if they experience excessive or prolonged CNS effects that interfere with their normal activities.

GENERALLY AVOID: Due to its significant bradycardic effects, the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes arrhythmia may be increased during initiation of ponesimod treatment in patients receiving drugs that prolong the QT interval. Posenimod can cause a transient decrease in heart rate during initiation of therapy that is usually apparent within an hour of the first dose and reaches its nadir within 2 to 4 hours. The heart rate typically recovers to baseline levels 4 to 5 hours after administration, and the effect diminishes with repeated dosing on subsequent days, indicating tolerance. In an active-controlled clinical study, bradycardia at treatment initiation and sinus bradycardia on ECG (defined as heart rate less than 50 bpm) occurred in 5.8% of ponesimod-treated patients compared to 1.6% of patients receiving teriflunomide. The mean decrease in heart rate on day 1 of ponesimod dosing was 6 bpm. Following day 1, decreases in heart rate were less pronounced. Post-dose heart rates below or equal to 40 bpm were rarely observed. However, decreases in heart rate induced by ponesimod can be reversed by atropine if necessary. Initiation of ponesimod treatment has also resulted in transient AV conduction delays that follow a similar temporal pattern as that observed for decreases in heart rate during dose titration. In the same study, first-degree AV block (prolonged PR interval on ECG) occurred in 3.4% of ponesimod-treated patients and 1.2% of patients receiving teriflunomide. Second- and third-degree AV blocks were not reported in patients treated with ponesimod. Overall, bradycardia and conduction abnormalities were usually transient and asymptomatic, and resolved within the first 24 hours without intervention or discontinuation of ponesimod treatment. In a study evaluating the effect on QT interval of ponesimod 40 mg and 100 mg (respectively 2- and 5-fold the recommended maintenance dose) administered until steady-state, ponesimod treatment resulted in maximum mean prolongations of the QTcF of 11.8 ms (40 mg) and 16.2 ms (100 mg). No subject had absolute QTcF greater than 480 ms or change in QTcF from baseline greater than 90 ms following ponesimod treatment. In general, the risk of an individual agent or a combination of agents causing ventricular arrhythmia in association with QT prolongation is largely unpredictable but may be increased by certain underlying risk factors such as congenital long QT syndrome, cardiac disease, and electrolyte disturbances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia). In addition, the extent of drug-induced QT prolongation is dependent on the particular drug(s) involved and dosage(s) of the drug(s).

MANAGEMENT: Ponesimod has not been studied in patients receiving drugs that can prolong the QT interval. Because bradycardia and AV block are recognized risk factors for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes arrhythmia, treatment with ponesimod should generally not be initiated in patients who are concurrently treated with QT prolonging drugs with known arrhythmogenic properties. Advice from a cardiologist should be sought if treatment with ponesimod is considered in patients on concurrent therapy with QT prolonging drugs with a known risk of torsades de pointes or drugs that slow heart rate or AV conduction.