Drug Interactions between Altoprev and anisindione

GENERALLY AVOID: Coadministration with grapefruit juice may significantly increase the plasma concentrations of lovastatin and simvastatin and their active acid metabolites. The proposed mechanism is inhibition of CYP450 3A4-mediated first-pass metabolism in the gut wall by certain compounds present in grapefruit. When a single 60 mg dose of simvastatin was coadministered with 200 mL of double-strength grapefruit juice three times a day, simvastatin systemic exposure (AUC) increased by 16-fold and simvastatin acid AUC increased by 7-fold. Administration of a single 20 mg dose of simvastatin with 8 ounces of single-strength grapefruit juice increased the AUC of simvastatin and simvastatin acid by 1.9-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively. The interaction has also been reported with lovastatin, which has a similar metabolic profile to simvastatin. Clinically, high levels of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity in plasma is associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal toxicity. Myopathy manifested as muscle pain and/or weakness associated with grossly elevated creatine kinase exceeding ten times the upper limit of normal has been reported occasionally. Rhabdomyolysis has also occurred rarely, which may be accompanied by acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria and may result in death.

ADJUST DOSING INTERVAL: Fibres such as oat bran and pectin may diminish the pharmacologic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors by interfering with their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

Coadministration with green tea may increase the plasma concentrations of simvastatin. The mechanism of interaction has not been established, but may involve inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1- and/or 2B1-mediated hepatic uptake of simvastatin by catechins in green tea. The interaction was suspected in a 61-year-old man who experienced muscle intolerance during treatment with simvastatin while drinking an average of 3 cups of green tea daily. He also experienced similar muscle intolerance (leg cramps without creatine phosphokinase elevation) during treatments with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin while drinking green tea. Pharmacokinetic studies performed during his usual green tea intake demonstrated an approximately two-fold higher exposure to simvastatin lactone (the administered form of simvastatin) than that observed after stopping green tea intake for a month. He was also able to tolerate simvastatin after discontinuing green tea consumption. The authors of the report subsequently conducted two independent studies to assess the effect of different green tea preparations on simvastatin pharmacokinetics. One study was conducted in 12 Italian subjects and the other in 12 Japanese subjects. In the Italian study, administration of a single 20 mg dose of simvastatin following pretreatment with 200 mL of a hot green tea standardized infusion 3 times daily for 14 days (estimated daily intake of 335 mg total catechins and 173 mg epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and biologically active catechin in green tea) was found to have no significant effect on mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) or systemic exposure (AUC) of simvastatin lactone and simvastatin acid relative to administration with water. However, green tea increased simvastatin lactone AUC (0-6h) by about two-fold in 3 of the study subjects. In the Japanese study, administration of a single 10 mg dose of simvastatin following pretreatment with 350 mL of a commercial green tea beverage twice daily for 14 days (estimated daily intake of 638 mg total catechins and 322 mg EGCG) did not affect mean simvastatin lactone Cmax or AUC to a statistically significant extent compared to administration with water, but increased mean simvastatin acid Cmax and AUC by 42% and 22%, respectively. Similar to the first study, green tea increased simvastatin lactone AUC (0-6h) by two- to three-fold in 4 of the study subjects. Although not studied, the interaction may also occur with lovastatin due to its similar metabolic profile to simvastatin.

MANAGEMENT: Patients receiving therapy with lovastatin, simvastatin, or red yeast rice (which contains lovastatin) should be advised to avoid the consumption of grapefruit and grapefruit juice. Fluvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin are metabolized by other enzymes and may be preferable alternatives in some individuals. All patients receiving statin therapy should be advised to promptly report any unexplained muscle pain, tenderness or weakness, particularly if accompanied by fever, malaise and/or dark colored urine. Therapy should be discontinued if creatine kinase is markedly elevated in the absence of strenuous exercise or if myopathy is otherwise suspected or diagnosed. Also, patients should either refrain from the use of oat bran and pectin, or separate the administration times by at least 2 to 4 hours if concurrent use cannot be avoided. Caution may be advisable when coadministered with green tea or green tea extracts. Dosing reduction of the statin and/or limiting consumption of green tea and green tea products may be required if an interaction is suspected.

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MONITOR: Vitamin K may antagonize the hypoprothrombinemic effect of oral anticoagulants. Vitamin K is a cofactor in the synthesis of blood clotting factors that are inhibited by oral anticoagulants, thus intake of vitamin K through supplements or diet can reverse the action of oral anticoagulants. Resistance to oral anticoagulants has been associated with consumption of foods or enteral feedings high in vitamin K content. Likewise, a reduction of vitamin K intake following stabilization of anticoagulant therapy may result in elevation of the INR and bleeding complications. Foods rich in vitamin K include beef liver, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collard greens, endive, kale, lettuce, mustard greens, parsley, soy beans, spinach, Swiss chard, turnip greens, watercress, and other green leafy vegetables. Moderate to high levels of vitamin K are also found in other foods such as asparagus, avocados, dill pickles, green peas, green tea, canola oil, margarine, mayonnaise, olive oil, and soybean oil. Snack foods containing the fat substitute, olestra, are fortified with 80 mcg of vitamin K per each one ounce serving so as to offset any depletion of vitamin K that may occur due to olestra interference with its absorption. Whether these foods can alter the effect of oral anticoagulants has not been extensively studied. One small study found that moderate consumption (1.5 servings/day) does not significantly affect the INR after one week in patients receiving long-term anticoagulation.

Consumption of large amounts of mango fruit has been associated with enhanced effects of warfarin. The exact mechanism of interaction is unknown but may be related to the vitamin A content, which may inhibit metabolism of warfarin. In one report, thirteen patients with an average INR increase of 38% reportedly had consumed one to six mangos daily 2 to 30 days prior to their appointment. The average INR decreased by 17.7% after discontinuation of mango ingestion for 2 weeks. Rechallenge in two patients appeared to confirm the interaction.

Limited data also suggest a potential interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice resulting in changes in the INR and/or bleeding complications. The mechanism is unknown but may involve alterations in warfarin metabolism induced by flavonoids contained in cranberry juice. At least a dozen reports of suspected interaction have been filed with the Committee on Safety of Medicines in the U.K. since 1999, including one fatality. In the fatal case, the patient's INR increased dramatically (greater than 50) six weeks after he started drinking cranberry juice, and he died from gastrointestinal and pericardial hemorrhage. However, the patient was also taking cephalexin for a chest infection and had not eaten for two weeks prior to hospitalization, which may have been contributing factors. Other cases involved less dramatic increases or instabilities in INR following cranberry juice consumption, and a decrease was reported in one, although details are generally lacking. In a rare published report, a 71-year-old patient developed hemoptysis, hematochezia, and shortness of breath two weeks after he started drinking 24 ounces of cranberry juice a day. Laboratory test results on admission revealed a decrease in hemoglobin, an INR greater than 18, and prothrombin time exceeding 120 seconds. The patient recovered after warfarin doses were withheld for several days and he was given packed red blood cells, fresh-frozen plasma, and subcutaneous vitamin K. It is not known if variations in the constituents of different brands of cranberry juice may affect the potential for drug interactions.

There have been several case reports in the medical literature of patients consuming grapefruit, grapefruit juice, or grapefruit seed extract who experienced increases in INR. R(+) warfarin, the less active of the two enantiomers of warfarin, is partially metabolized by CYP450 3A4. Depending on brand, concentration, dose and preparation, grapefruit juice may be considered a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP450 3A4, thus coadministration with warfarin may decrease the clearance of R(+) warfarin. However, the clinical significance of this effect has not been established. A pharmacokinetic study found no effect on the PT or INR values of nine warfarin patients given 8 oz of grapefruit juice three times a day for one week.

A patient who was stabilized on warfarin developed a large hematoma in her calf in association with an elevated INR of 14 following consumption of approximately 3 liters of pomegranate juice in the week prior to admission. In vitro data suggest that pomegranate juice can inhibit CYP450 2C9, the isoenzyme responsible for the metabolic clearance of the biologically more active S(-) enantiomer of warfarin. In rats, pomegranate juice has also been shown to inhibit intestinal CYP450 3A4, the isoenzyme that contributes to the metabolism of R(+) warfarin.

Black currant juice and black currant seed oil may theoretically increase the risk of bleeding or bruising if used in combination with anticoagulants. The proposed mechanism is the antiplatelet effects of the gamma-linolenic acid constituent in black currants.

Soy protein in the form of soy milk was thought to be responsible for a case of possible warfarin antagonism in an elderly male stabilized on warfarin. The exact mechanism of interaction is unknown, as soy milk contains only trace amounts of vitamin K. Subtherapeutic INR values were observed approximately 4 weeks after the patient began consuming soy milk daily for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. No other changes in diet or medications were noted during this time. The patient's INR returned to normal following discontinuation of the soy milk with no other intervention.

An interaction with chewing tobacco was suspected in a case of warfarin therapy failure in a young male who was treated with up to 25 to 30 mg/day for 4.5 years. The inability to achieve adequate INR values led to eventual discontinuation of the chewing tobacco, which resulted in an INR increase from 1.1 to 2.3 in six days. The authors attributed the interaction to the relatively high vitamin K content in smokeless tobacco.

MANAGEMENT: Intake of vitamin K through supplements or diet should not vary significantly during oral anticoagulant therapy. The diet in general should remain consistent, as other foods containing little or no vitamin K such as mangos and soy milk have been reported to interact with warfarin. Some experts recommend that continuous enteral nutrition should be interrupted for one hour before and one hour after administration of the anticoagulant dose and that enteral formulas containing soy protein should be avoided. Patients should also consider avoiding or limiting the consumption of cranberry juice or other cranberry formulations (e.g., encapsulated dried cranberry powder), pomegranate juice, black currant juice, and black currant seed oil.

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MONITOR: Concomitant use of statin medication with substantial quantities of alcohol may increase the risk of hepatic injury. Transient increases in serum transaminases have been reported with statin use and while these increases generally resolve or improve with continued therapy or a brief interruption in therapy, there have been rare postmarketing reports of fatal and non-fatal hepatic failure in patients taking statins. Patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol and/or have a history of liver disease may be at increased risk for hepatic injury. Active liver disease or unexplained transaminase elevations are contraindications to statin use.

MANAGEMENT: Patients should be counseled to avoid substantial quantities of alcohol in combination with statin medications and clinicians should be aware of the increased risk for hepatotoxicity in these patients.

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MONITOR: Enhanced hypoprothrombinemic response to warfarin has been reported in patients with acute alcohol intoxication and/or liver disease. The proposed mechanisms are inhibition of warfarin metabolism and decreased synthesis of clotting factors. Binge drinking may exacerbate liver impairment and its metabolic ability in patients with liver dysfunction. The risk of bleeding may be increased. Conversely, reductions in INR/PT have also been reported in chronic alcoholics with liver disease. The proposed mechanism is that continual drinking of large amounts of alcohol induces the hepatic metabolism of anticoagulants. Effects are highly variable and significant INR/PT fluctuations are possible.

MANAGEMENT: Patients taking oral anticoagulants should be counseled to avoid large amounts of ethanol, but moderate consumption (one to two drinks per day) are not likely to affect the response to the anticoagulant in patients with normal liver function. Frequent INR/PT monitoring is recommended, especially if alcohol intake changes considerably. It may be advisable to avoid oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with uncontrollable drinking problems. Patients should be advised to promptly report any signs of bleeding to their doctor, including pain, swelling, headache, dizziness, weakness, prolonged bleeding from cuts, increased menstrual flow, nosebleeds, bleeding of gums from brushing, unusual bleeding or bruising, red or brown urine, or red or black stools.

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MONITOR: Multivitamin preparations containing vitamin K may antagonize the hypoprothrombinemic effect of oral anticoagulants in some patients. Vitamin K1 in its active, reduced form serves as a cofactor in the generation of functional clotting factors, during which it becomes oxidized. It is reactivated in a process that is inhibited by oral anticoagulants, thus intake of additional vitamin K through supplements or diet can reverse the action of oral anticoagulants. Although the amount of vitamin K in over-the-counter multivitamin preparations is generally well below the dose thought to affect anticoagulation, there have been isolated case reports of patients stabilized on warfarin whose INR decreased following initiation of a multivitamin supplement and returned to therapeutic levels upon cessation of the multivitamin. Increases in warfarin dosage were required in some cases when the multivitamin was continued. One patient whose warfarin dosage was increased developed a subcapsular hematoma in her right kidney two weeks after she discontinued the multivitamin without informing her physician. Her INR was 13.2 and she was treated with vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma. It is possible that patients with low vitamin K status may be particularly susceptible to the interaction. Investigators have shown that vitamin K deficiency can cause an oversensitivity to even small increases in vitamin K intake. In one study where warfarin-stabilized patients were given a multivitamin tablet containing 25 mcg of vitamin K1 daily for 4 weeks, subtherapeutic INRs occurred in 9 of 9 patients with low vitamin K1 levels (<1.5 mcg/L) and only 1 of 7 patients with normal vitamin K1 levels (>4.5 mcg/L). INR decreased by a median of 0.51 and warfarin dosage had to be increased by 5.3% in patients with low vitamin K1 levels, whereas INR and warfarin dosage did not change significantly in patients with normal vitamin K1 levels. The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency may be small, but significant in the anticoagulated population. In a survey of 179 consecutive ambulatory patients on stable warfarin therapy attending an anticoagulation clinic, 22 (12.3%) were found to have vitamin K1 deficiency (<0.1 ng/mL).

MANAGEMENT: The potential for multivitamin supplements containing even low levels of vitamin K to affect anticoagulation should be recognized. In particular, elderly and/or malnourished patients may require more frequent monitoring of INR following the initiation or discontinuation of a multivitamin supplement, and the anticoagulant dosage adjusted as necessary.

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