Drug Interactions between AccessPak for HIV PEP Expanded with Kaletra and budesonide

GENERALLY AVOID: Coadministration with potent inhibitors of CYP450 3A4 may significantly increase the systemic bioavailability of budesonide, which undergoes extensive first-pass and systemic metabolism via intestinal and hepatic CYP450 3A4. In pharmacokinetic studies, 6- to 8-fold increases in budesonide systemic exposure (AUC) have been observed during coadministration of the potent CYP450 3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole with different oral formulations of budesonide. When ketoconazole was administered 12 hours after budesonide in one study, the AUC increase was approximately half that reported during simultaneous administration. In a prospective study of a cystic fibrosis center patient population, 11 of 25 patients receiving high-dose itraconazole (400 to 600 mg/day) and budesonide oral inhalation therapy (800 to 1600 mcg/day) were found to have adrenal insufficiency, including one who developed Cushing's syndrome, compared to none in a group of 12 patients treated with itraconazole alone. There was also no adrenal insufficiency in a group of 30 cystic fibrosis patients retrospectively included as controls, 24 of whom had been treated with high-dose inhaled budesonide for several years. Adrenal function improved, but did not normalize, in 10 of the 11 patients during a follow-up of two to ten months after discontinuation of itraconazole and institution of hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Limited pharmacokinetic data indicate that itraconazole (200 mg once daily) may increase the plasma levels of budesonide by about 4-fold following inhalation of a single 1000 mcg dose, which may be mainly due to increased bioavailability of the swallowed portion of the dose.

MANAGEMENT: Concomitant use of budesonide with potent CYP450 3A4 inhibitors should generally be avoided. Alternatives to budesonide should be considered whenever possible, particularly for long-term use. If an orally inhaled corticosteroid is necessary, a less potent, less lipophilic, and/or shorter-acting agent such as beclomethasone or flunisolide may be appropriate. If no alternatives exist and concomitant use is required, the dosing times between budesonide and the CYP450 3A4 inhibitor should be separated by as much as possible. In addition, the lowest effective dosage of budesonide should be prescribed, and further adjustments made as necessary according to therapeutic response and tolerance. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of hypercorticism such as acne, striae, thinning of the skin, easy bruising, moon facies, dorsocervical "buffalo" hump, truncal obesity, increased appetite, acute weight gain, edema, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperhidrosis, proximal muscle wasting and weakness, glucose intolerance, exacerbation of preexisting diabetes, depression, and menstrual disorders. Other systemic glucocorticoid effects may include adrenal suppression, immunosuppression, posterior subcapsular cataracts, glaucoma, bone loss, and growth retardation in children and adolescents. Following extensive use with a potent CYP450 3A4 inhibitor, a progressive dosage reduction may be required over a longer period if budesonide is to be withdrawn from therapy, as there may be a significant risk of adrenal suppression. Signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency include anorexia, hypoglycemia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, muscle wasting, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, postural hypotension, depression, and adrenal crisis manifested as inability to respond to stress (e.g., illness, infection, surgery, trauma). Systemic glucocorticoids may be necessary until adrenal function recovers.

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MONITOR: Coadministration with ritonavir, with or without lopinavir, has been suggested in postmarketing reports to increase the proximal tubular intracellular concentrations of tenofovir and potentiate the risk of tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity. The proposed mechanism is ritonavir inhibition of tenofovir renal tubular secretion into the urine via multidrug resistance protein MRP2. Analysis of data from a compassionate access study in which 271 patients with advanced HIV disease received the combination for a mean duration of 63 weeks revealed no clinically significant nephrotoxicity associated with coadministration. However, there have been case reports of renal failure associated with acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi's syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combination with ritonavir. Some patients had incomplete recovery of renal function more than a year after cessation of tenofovir therapy. Ritonavir given in combination with lopinavir has also been reported to modestly increase the plasma concentrations of tenofovir. In contrast, both slight decreases and no change in lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations have been reported.

MANAGEMENT: Caution is advised if tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is prescribed with ritonavir. Renal function should be monitored regularly, including surveillance for signs of tubulopathy such as glycosuria, acidosis, increases in serum creatinine level, electrolyte disturbances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia), and proteinuria. The same precaution may be applicable during therapy with other protease inhibitors based on their similar pharmacokinetic profile, although clinical data are lacking. Nelfinavir reportedly does not alter the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir, or vice versa. Tenofovir administration should be discontinued promptly if nephropathy develops.

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MONITOR: Coadministration with ritonavir, with or without lopinavir, has been suggested in postmarketing reports to increase the proximal tubular intracellular concentrations of tenofovir and potentiate the risk of tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity. The proposed mechanism is ritonavir inhibition of tenofovir renal tubular secretion into the urine via multidrug resistance protein MRP2. Analysis of data from a compassionate access study in which 271 patients with advanced HIV disease received the combination for a mean duration of 63 weeks revealed no clinically significant nephrotoxicity associated with coadministration. However, there have been case reports of renal failure associated with acute tubular necrosis, Fanconi's syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combination with ritonavir. Some patients had incomplete recovery of renal function more than a year after cessation of tenofovir therapy. Ritonavir given in combination with lopinavir has also been reported to modestly increase the plasma concentrations of tenofovir. In contrast, both slight decreases and no change in lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations have been reported.

MANAGEMENT: Caution is advised if tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is prescribed with ritonavir. Renal function should be monitored regularly, including surveillance for signs of tubulopathy such as glycosuria, acidosis, increases in serum creatinine level, electrolyte disturbances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia), and proteinuria. The same precaution may be applicable during therapy with other protease inhibitors based on their similar pharmacokinetic profile, although clinical data are lacking. Nelfinavir reportedly does not alter the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir, or vice versa. Tenofovir administration should be discontinued promptly if nephropathy develops.

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