Palivizumab
Class: Monoclonal Antibodies
VA Class: AM800
CAS Number: 188039-54-5
Brands: Synagis
Introduction
Antiviral; biosynthetic humanized form of a murine monoclonal antibody to the F surface glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50
Uses for Palivizumab
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections
Prevention of serious RSV lower respiratory tract infections in infants at high risk for RSV disease.1 6 7 8 50 51
Recommended for infants <24 months of age who have chronic lung disease (e.g., bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]), history of premature birth (gestational age ≤35 weeks), or hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD).1 6 7 8 50 51 May reduce severity of RSV infection and reduce frequency and duration of RSV-related hospitalizations in these high-risk infants.1 6 7 8 37 39 40 41 42 50 51
Drug of choice when RSV prophylaxis is indicated.6 7 8 50
Need for and efficacy of palivizumab prophylaxis following institutional RSV outbreaks† (e.g., in neonatal intensive care units) not studied to date; the major means of preventing RSV illness in such situations is strict observance of infection control practices.3 8 9
Safety and efficacy for treatment of established RSV disease not established.1 37 Do not use for treatment of RSV infection.1 8 50
Palivizumab Dosage and Administration
General
-
Administer first dose immediately prior to RSV season and additional doses once monthly throughout the season.1 3 8 In the northern hemisphere, RSV season typically commences in November and lasts through April, but may begin earlier or persist later in certain communities.1 3 8
-
AAP states that in most seasons and in most regions of the northern hemisphere, give first dose at beginning of November and the last dose at beginning of March; these 5 doses usually provide protection during the entire season.3 8 However, decisions about the specific duration of prophylaxis should be individualized according to the duration of the local RSV season.3 8
-
AAP recommends that clinicians consult local health departments or diagnostic virology laboratories or the CDC to determine the epidemiology of RSV in their area.8
-
If an infant receiving palivizumab prophylaxis becomes infected with RSV, continue giving the monthly prophylaxis doses for the duration of the RSV season.1 8 37
Administration
IM Administration
Administer IM,1 5 6 8 preferably in anterolateral aspect of the thigh.1 5 Avoid gluteal muscle because of risk of damage to sciatic nerve.1
Has been administered by IV infusion† over 3–5 minutes in a limited number of infants,4 but manufacturer states the currently available formulation is intended for IM injection only.1 37
Administer immediately after withdrawal from vial.1 Vial is for single use only; discard any unused portion.1
Doses involving volumes >1 mL should be divided and injected IM at different sites.1
Dosage
Pediatric Patients
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections
Prevention of RSV Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
IMInfants at high risk for RSV disease: 15 mg/kg once monthly.1 6 8 50 Give first dose prior to beginning of RSV season and subsequent doses once monthly until end of season.1 6 8
Infants at high risk for RSV undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: Give a supplemental 15-mg/kg dose as soon as possible after cardiopulmonary bypass (even if this is <1 month after the last dose).1 8 51 (See Plasma Concentrations under Pharmacokinetics.) Thereafter, give usual doses once monthly.1 8
Cautions for Palivizumab
Contraindications
-
History of a severe reaction to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation (e.g., murine protein).1 37
Warnings/Precautions
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Severe acute hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, reported rarely.1
Dyspnea, cyanosis, respiratory failure, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, hypotonia, and unresponsiveness also reported.1
If a severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue palivizumab and initiate appropriate supportive care and therapy (e.g., epinephrine).1 Palivizumab may be continued with caution in patients who experience a milder reaction.1
General Precautions
Administration Precautions
For IM use only.1 Use caution in patients with thrombocytopenia or any coagulation disorder.1
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category C.1 Not indicated in adults; used only in pediatric patients who would not be of childbearing potential.1
Lactation
Not known whether distributed into milk.37 Not indicated in adults; used only in pediatric patients who would not be of lactating potential.1
Common Adverse Effects
Upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, fever, rhinitis, hernia, elevated serum AST concentration.1
Interactions for Palivizumab
Formal studies have not been conducted to evaluate potential interactions between palivizumab and other drugs.1
Specific Drugs
|
Drug |
Interaction |
|
|---|---|---|
|
Bronchodilators |
Not specifically studied, but no apparent increase in adverse effects when used concomitantly1 |
|
|
Corticosteroids |
Not specifically studied, but no apparent increase in adverse effects when used concomitantly1 |
|
|
Vaccines |
No evidence that palivizumab interferes with the immune response to vaccines;1 8 no apparent increase in adverse effects when given concomitantly with routine childhood vaccines1 |
Palivizumab Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Well absorbed following IM injection in infants.5 37
Plasma Concentrations
Concentrations >40 mcg/mL attained within 2 days after a single 15-mg/kg IM dose; peak concentrations attained within 5–7 days after a dose.5 37
Monthly 15-mg/kg IM doses usually adequate to maintain trough serum concentrations exceeding the ideal target throughout the dosing period (except in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass).4 5 Lower doses (i.e., 3 or 10 mg/kg IV, 5 or 10 mg/kg IM) result in inadequate trough concentrations.4 5
Surgical procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass result in a mean 58% decrease in serum palivizumab concentrations.1 51 (See Dosage under Dosage and Administration.)
Elimination
Half-life
Pediatric patients ≤24 months of age (including patients ≤6 months of age born at ≤35 weeks’ gestation): 19–27 days.1 4 5
Stability
Storage
Parenteral
Injection
2–8°C in original container; do not freeze.1
Actions and Spectrum
-
A highly selective antiviral agent active only against RSV.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-
Potent, RSV-neutralizing, monoclonal antibody that neutralizes and inhibits fusion of RSV,1 2 7 resulting in inhibition of viral replication.1
-
Active against both major strains of RSV (subgroup A and B).1 2 In vivo neutralizing activity of the drug was confirmed in a clinical trial in RSV-infected pediatric patients as evidenced by lower recovery of RSV from lower respiratory tract secretions in palivizumab-treated patients compared with placebo recipients.1 38
-
Evidence from animal studies indicates palivizumab does not interfere with in vivo development of a protective immune response to RSV.2
-
All clinical isolates of RSV subgroup A and B tested to date have been susceptible to palivizumab.1 2
-
Animal studies indicate that exposure of RSV to subinhibitory palivizumab concentrations does not enhance viral replication or pathology and does not promote emergence of resistant variants; palivizumab appeared to protect the animals against infection from subsequent RSV challenge despite systemic clearance of the drug.2 However, escape mutants (resistant viruses) have been associated with other monoclonal antibodies and the possibility that they could occur with palivizumab should be considered.8
Advice to Patients
-
Importance of continuing palivizumab prophylaxis in high-risk infants once monthly for the duration of the RSV season.1
-
Importance of contacting clinician if possible symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction occur (e.g., dyspnea, cyanosis, respiratory failure, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, hypotonia, unresponsiveness).1
-
Importance of informing clinician of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal products, and any concomitant illnesses.
-
Importance of advising caregivers of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.
|
Routes |
Dosage Forms |
Strengths |
Brand Names |
Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Parenteral |
Injection, for IM use only |
50 mg/0.5 mL |
Synagis (preservative-free) |
MedImmune, (also marketed by Ross) |
|
100 mg/1 mL |
Synagis (preservative-free) |
MedImmune, (also marketed by Ross) |
AHFS DI Essentials. © Copyright, 2016, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. Review Date: September 06, 2016.
References
1. MedImmune, Inc. Synagis (palivizumab) for intramuscular administration prescribing information. Gaithersburg, MD; 2004 Jul 23.
2. Johnson S, Oliver C, Prince GA et al. Development of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MEDI-493) with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1997; 176:1215-24. [PubMed 9359721]
3. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:523-8.
4. Subramanian KNS, Weisman LE, Rhodes T et al. Safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of a humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998; 17:110-15. [IDIS 401101] [PubMed 9493805]
5. Sáez-Llorens X, Casta˜no E, Null D et al. Safety and efficacy of intramuscular humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998; 17:787-91. [IDIS 415465] [PubMed 9779762]
6. The Impact-RSV Study Group. Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics. 1998;102:531-7.
7. Storch GA. Humanized monoclonal antibody for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 1998; 102:648-51. [IDIS 413527] [PubMed 9738192]
8. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Revised indications for the use of palivizumab and respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:1442-6. [PubMed 14654627]
9. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous: indications for use. Pediatrics. 1997; 99:645-50. [IDIS 383952] [PubMed 9093323]
10. Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories. RespiGam [respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous (human), (RSV-IGIV)] liquid formulation, solvent detergent treated prescribing information. Boston, MA; 2000 May.
11. Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories. RespiGam [respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous (human), (RSV-IGIV)] product monograph. Boston, MA; 1996 May.
12. Groothuis JR, Simoes EAF, Levin MJ et al et al. Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high-risk infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:1524-30. [IDIS 322264] [PubMed 8413475]
13. McIntosh K. Respiratory syncytial virus—successful immunoprophylaxis at last. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:1572- 3. [PubMed 8413482]
14. Siber GR, Leombruno D, Leszczynski J et al. Comparison of antibody concentrations and protective activity of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin and conventional immune globulin. J Infect Dis. 1994; 169:1368-73. [PubMed 8195619]
15. Connor E, Top F, Kramer A et al et al. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. Pediatrics. 1997; 99:93-9. [IDIS 378350] [PubMed 8989345]
16. La Via WV, Marks MI, Stutman HR. Respiratory syncytial virus puzzle: clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. J Pediatr. 1992; 121:503-10. [PubMed 1403380]
17. Groothuis JR, Simoes EAF, Hemming VG et al et al. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in preterm infants and the protective effects of RSV immune globulin (RSVIG). Pediatrics. 1995; 95:463-7. [IDIS 345809] [PubMed 7700741]
18. Groothuis JR. Role of antibody and the use of respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease in preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994; 13:454-8. [PubMed 8072836]
19. Englund JA. Passive protection against respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants: the role of maternal antibody. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994; 13:449-53. [PubMed 8072835]
20. Groothuis JR. Role of antibody and use of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immune globulin to prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk children. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S28-32. [IDIS 329428] [PubMed 8169755]
21. Levin MJ. Treatment and prevention options for respiratory syncytial virus infections. J Pediatr. 1994; 24(Suppl):S22-7.
22. Meissner HC. Economic impact of viral respiratory disease in children. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S17-21.
23. Hemming VG. Viral respiratory diseases in children: classification, etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S13-6. [PubMed 8169752]
24. Hemming VG, moderator. Questions and answers. Proceedings of First Annual Saul Krugman Symposium on Pediatric Viral Infections: Viral Respiratory Diseases in Children. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S33-4.
25. Hall CB, McCarthy CA. Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:1501-19.
26. Hemming VG, Prince GA, Groothuis JR et al. Hyperimmune globulins in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995; 8:22-33. [PubMed 7704893]
27. Meissner HC, Welliver RC, Chartrand SA et al. Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants: consensus opinion on the role of immunoprophylaxis with respiratory syncytial virus hyperimmune globulin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996; 15:1059-68. [IDIS 378154] [PubMed 8970212]
28. Gilchrist S, Török TJ, Gary HE Jr et al. National surveillance for respiratory syncytial virus, United States, 1985–1990. J Infect Dis. 1994; 170:986-90. [PubMed 7930745]
29. Hay JW, Ernst RL, Meissner HC. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Managed Care. 1996; 2:851-61.
30. Murguia de Sierra T, Kumar ML, Wasser TE et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-specific immunoglobulins in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1993; 122:787-91. [PubMed 8496762]
31. Whimbey E, Champlin RE, Couch RB et al. Community respiratory virus infections among hospitalized adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 22:778-82. [PubMed 8722930]
32. Harrington RD, Hooton TM, Hackman RC et al. An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a bone marrow transplant center. J Infect Dis. 1992; 165:987-93. [IDIS 297152] [PubMed 1583345]
33. Whimbey E, Couch RB, Englund JA et al. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients with leukemia. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21:376-9. [IDIS 351726] [PubMed 8562747]
34. McConnochie KM, Hall CB, Walsh EE et al. Variation in severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections with subtype. J Pediatr. 1990; 117:52-62. [PubMed 2115082]
35. King JC Jr, Burke AR, Clemens JD et al. Respiratory syncytial virus illnesses in human immunodeficiency virus- and noninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993; 12:733-9. [PubMed 8414800]
36. Hall CB, Powell KR, MacDonald NE et al. Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315:77-81. [IDIS 217676] [PubMed 3724802]
37. Medimmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD: Personal communication.
38. DeVincenzo JP, Malley R, Ramilo O et al. Viral concentration in upper and lower respiratory secretions from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected children treated with RSV monoclonal antibody (MEDI 493). Pediatr Res. 1998; 43:144A.
39. Moler FW, Brown RW, Faix RG et al. Comments on palivizumab (Synagis). Pediatrics. 1999; 103:495-7. [IDIS 440422] [PubMed 9925848]
40. Hall CB, Stevens TP, Swantz RJ et al. Development of local guidelines for prevention of respiratory syncytial viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999; 18:850-3. [IDIS 437579] [PubMed 10530578]
41. Lee SL, Robinson JL. Questions about palivizumab (Synagis). Pediatrics. 1999; 103:535. [IDIS 440426] [PubMed 10026069]
42. Connor EM, Carlin D, Top FJ Jr. Questions about palivizumab (Synagis). Pediatrics. 1999; 103:535. [IDIS 440426] [PubMed 10026069]
43. Berg T. Immunoglobulin levels in infants with low birth weights. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1968; 57:369-376. [PubMed 4178846]
44. Evans HE, Akpata SO, Glass L. Serum immunoglobulin levels in pre-mature and full-term infants. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971; 56:416-8. [PubMed 4999328]
45. Haworth JC, Norris M, Dilling L. A study of the immunoglobulins in premature infants. Arch Dis Child. 1965; 40:243-50. [PubMed 21032417]
46. Hobbs JR and Davis JA. Serum IgG-globulin levels and gestational age in premature babies. Lancet. 1967; 1:757-59. [PubMed 4164125]
47. Stiehm ER, Fudenberg HH. Serum levels of immune globulins in health and disease: a survey. Pediatrics. 1966; 37:715-27. [PubMed 4956666]
48. Yeung CY and Hobbs JR. Serum-gamma G-globulin levels in normal, premature, post-mature and “small-for-dates” newborn babies. Lancet. 1968; 1:1167-72. [PubMed 4172289]
49. Grier CE, Howe BJ. Economic impact of pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. ICAAC 35th annual meeting. San Francisco, CA, 1995. Abstract No. N9.
50. Meissuer HC, Welliver RC, Chartrand SA et al. Immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants: a consensus opinion. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999; 18:223-31. [IDIS 426689] [PubMed 10093942]
51. Feltes TF, Cabalka, AK, Meissner C et al. Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2003; 143:532-40. [PubMed 14571236]
More about palivizumab
Consumer resources
Professional resources
- Other brands: Synagis
