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Zaleplon (Monograph)

Brand name: Sonata
Drug class: Anxiolytics, Sedatives, and Hypnotics; Miscellaneous
VA class: CN309
Chemical name: N-[3-(3-cyanopyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidin-7-yl)phenyl]-N-ethyl-acetamide
Molecular formula: C17H15N5O
CAS number: 151319-34-5

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Apr 27, 2023. Written by ASHP.

Warning

    Risk of Serious Injury and Death Resulting From Complex Sleep Behaviors
  • Serious injuries and/or death resulting from complex sleep behaviors (e.g., sleepwalking, sleep driving, and engaging in other activities while not fully awake) can occur following use of eszopiclone, zaleplon, and zolpidem.1 200

  • Complex sleep behaviors have occurred in patients with and without a history of such behaviors and can occur even at the lowest recommended doses and after just one dose of these drugs.1 200

  • Discontinue drug immediately if a complex sleep behavior occurs.1 200

Introduction

Pyrazolopyrimidine-derivative sedative and hypnotic; structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines and other sedatives and hypnotics.1 2 3 4 12 13 18

Uses for Zaleplon

Insomnia

Short-term management of insomnia.1 2 12 13 14 15 16 18 19

Decreases sleep latency with repeated use for periods up to 30 days in duration.1 2 12 13 14 15 16 18 19

Most useful for sleep initiation disorders;3 12 does not substantially increase total sleep time or decrease the number of awakenings.1 3 18

Psychological and behavioral interventions are recommended as initial treatment for insomnia according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and American College of Physicians (ACP) guidelines.204 205 206 When pharmacologic therapy is indicated, choice of agent should be directed by symptoms, treatment goals, past treatment response, patient preference, cost and availability, comorbid conditions/contraindications, concomitant drug therapy/interactions, and potential adverse effects.204 205 Zaleplon is among several agents recommended for treatment of sleep onset insomnia.204 205 The lowest effective dosage and short-term (4–5 weeks) treatment are recommended.204 206

Zaleplon Dosage and Administration

General

Pretreatment Screening

Patient Monitoring

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer orally, generally without regard to meals.1

Avoid administration with a high-fat or heavy meal; may decrease rate of absorption and effect on sleep latency.1

Administer immediately before retiring (when ready to sleep) or after retiring when experiencing difficulty falling asleep.1

Use only when able to get a full night of sleep.1

Dosage

Adults

Insomnia
Oral

Individualize dosage.1 Use the lowest effective dosage in all patient populations.1 200

Adults <65 years of age: 10 mg.1 Although risk of certain adverse effects appears to be dose dependent, 20-mg doses have been adequately tolerated; may consider if unresponsive to a trial of lower dosage.1

Prescribing Limits

Adults

Insomnia

Doses >20 mg not adequately studied; not recommended by manufacturer.1

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, 5 mg.1 Not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.1

Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustment necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment.1 Not adequately studied in patients with severe renal impairment.1

Geriatric Patients

In adults ≥65 years of age, 5 mg; doses >10 mg not recommended.1

Debilitated Patients

In debilitated patients, 5 mg; doses >10 mg not recommended.1

Low-weight Patients

In low-weight patients <65 years of age, 5 mg may be sufficient.1

Japanese Patients

Japanese adults demonstrated pharmacokinetic parameter differences; may be explained by differences in body weight or hepatic enzyme activity.1

Patients Receiving Cimetidine

In patients receiving cimetidine concomitantly, initial dose of 5 mg recommended.1

Cautions for Zaleplon

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Complex Sleep Behaviors

Complex sleep behaviors in which patients engage in activities while they are not fully awake reported; may result in serious injuries and/or death.1 200 201 202 203 (See Boxed Warning.) Such behaviors may include sleepwalking, sleep driving (i.e., driving while not fully awake after ingesting a sedative-hypnotic drug, with no memory of the event), and engaging in other activities (e.g., making phone calls, preparing and eating food).1 200 201 202 203

Falls with serious injuries reported.200 201 202 203

Can occur when sedative-hypnotic agents are taken alone or with alcohol or other CNS depressants.1 200

Discontinue zaleplon immediately if complex sleep behavior occurs.1 200

Other Warnings and Precautions

CNS Depression and Next-day Impairment

CNS depressant with rapid onset of action; administer immediately prior to going to bed or after patient has gone to bed and has experienced difficulty falling asleep.1

Concomitant use of other CNS depressants (e.g., benzodiazepines, opiates, tricyclic antidepressants, alcohol) increases risk of CNS depression.1 Dosage adjustments of zaleplon and of concomitantly used CNS depressants may be necessary.1 Concomitant use of other sedative-hypnotic agents at bedtime or in the middle of the night not recommended.1

Risk of next-day psychomotor impairment, including impaired driving, increased if zaleplon is taken with less than a full night of sleep (7–8 hours) remaining; if a higher than recommended dose is taken; and if administered concomitantly with other CNS depressants, alcohol, or drugs that increase the blood levels of zaleplon.1 Warn patients against driving and engaging in other activities requiring complete mental alertness if drug is taken in these circumstances.1

Warn vehicle drivers and machine operators of possible risk of adverse reactions (e.g., drowsiness, prolonged reaction time, dizziness, sleepiness, blurred/double vision, reduced alertness, and impaired driving) the morning after therapy.1 In order to minimize this risk, a full night of sleep (7–8 hours) is recommended.1

Drowsiness and decreased levels of consciousness associated with zaleplon may increase risk of falls, particularly in geriatric patients.1

Adequate Patient Evaluation

Insomnia may be a manifestation of an underlying physical and/or psychiatric disorder; carefully evaluate patient before providing symptomatic treatment.1

Failure of insomnia to remit after 7–10 days of treatment, worsening of insomnia, or emergence of new abnormal thinking or behavior may indicate the presence of an underlying psychiatric and/or medical condition.1

Some important adverse effects of zaleplon appear dose-related; use lowest possible effective dose, especially in geriatric patients.1

Sensitivity Reactions

Angioedema involving the tongue, glottis, or larynx reported following initial or subsequent doses of sedative and hypnotic drugs, including zaleplon; may result in airway obstruction and death.1 Anaphylaxis also reported.1

Do not rechallenge with the drug if angioedema occurs.1

Some preparations contain tartrazine (FD&C yellow No. 5).1 Tartrazine may cause allergic reactions including bronchial asthma in susceptible individuals.1 Although incidence of tartrazine sensitivity is low, it frequently occurs in patients who are sensitive to aspirin.1

Abnormal Thinking and Behavioral Changes

Abnormal thinking and behavioral changes (e.g. decreased inhibition, agitation, hallucinations, depersonalization, amnesia, depression/suicidal ideation); many are similar to manifestations of alcohol intoxication.1

Immediately evaluate any new behavioral sign or symptom.1

Abuse Potential

Abuse potential of high doses (2.5–7.5 times recommended hypnotic dose) similar to that of benzodiazepines and related hypnotics.1 4 10 12 20

Patients with a history of drug or alcohol dependence or abuse are at risk of habituation or dependence; use only with careful surveillance in such patients.1

Tolerance

No tolerance for the therapeutic effects of zaleplon seen during studies of 4 weeks' duration. 1

Dependence

Rapid dosage reduction or abrupt discontinuance of sedatives or hypnotics has resulted in signs or symptoms of withdrawal.1

Rebound insomnia (1 day in duration) observed, principally in patients receiving 20-mg dose.1 At least 2 cases of seizure (1 with seizure history) reported.1

Timing of Drug Doses

Administer zaleplon immediately before retiring or after experiencing difficulty falling asleep. Ingesting while still awake could results in adverse CNS effects.1

Concomitant Illness

Limited experience in patients with concomitant illness.1 Use with caution in patients with diseases or conditions affecting metabolism or hemodynamic response.1

Sedative-hypnotic agents generally can depress respiration.1 Although respiratory depression not observed with recommended zaleplon dosages to date (including in patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnea or mild to moderate COPD),1 21 carefully monitor patients with impaired respiratory function during therapy.1

Use in Patients with Depression

Worsening of depression, including suicidal thoughts and actions (including completed suicides), reported in primarily depressed patients treated with sedative-hypnotic agents.1 As with other sedative-hypnotic agents, use with caution in patients with signs or symptoms of depression.1

Potential for suicidal tendencies; protective measures may be required.1 Intentional overdosage more frequent in such patients.1

Prescribe drug in the smallest feasible quantity.1

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

No studies to date in pregnant women.1 The manufacturer does not recommend use in this population, and there is no established use in labor and delivery.1

Lactation

Distributed into milk.1 11 Use not recommended.1

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients <18 years of age.1 20

Geriatric Use

Possibility exists of greater sensitivity to pharmacologic and adverse effects of sedatives and hypnotics in patients ≥65 years of age;1 reduce initial and maximum dose.1 19

Hepatic Impairment

Reduce dosage for mild to moderate hepatic impairment.1 Use not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.1

Renal Impairment

Dosage adjustment not necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment.1 Has not been adequately studied in patients with severe renal impairment.1

Debilitated Patients

Potential increased sensitivity to sedatives and hypnotics or impaired motor performance after repeated exposure.1 Reduce dosage and monitor closely.1

Common Adverse Effects

Adverse effects (≥5%): Headache, asthenia, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, somnolence.1

Drug Interactions

Metabolized principally by aldehyde oxidase, and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4; metabolites are inactive.1

Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Inducers of CYP3A4: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased plasma zaleplon concentrations); may result in decreased efficacy of zaleplon.1

Potent, selective inhibitors of CYP3A4: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (increased plasma zaleplon concentrations); routine dosage adjustment not considered necessary.1

Protein-bound Drugs

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely.1

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Alcohol

Possible additive CNS effects; administration of zaleplon 10 mg potentiated the CNS-impairing effects of ethanol 0.75 g/kg on balance testing and reaction time for 1 hour after ethanol administration and on the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), symbol copying test, and the variability component of the divided attention test for 2.5 hours after ethanol administration1 22 200

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely; administration of zaleplon 10 mg and ethanol 0.75 g/kg did not affect the pharmacokinetics of ethanol1

Avoid alcohol during therapy1 200

Carbamazepine

Possible increased clearance and decreased efficacy of zaleplon (CYP3A4 induction by carbamazepine)1

Consider alternate, non-CYP3A4 substrate hypnotic in patients receiving carbamazepine1

Cimetidine

Increased (85%) peak plasma concentrations and AUC of zaleplon (CYP3A4 and aldehyde oxidase inhibition by cimetidine)1 22

Reduce initial zaleplon dose to 5 mg 1 22

CNS depressants (e.g., anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, opiates, sedatives and hypnotics)

Possible additive CNS effects1 22 200

Sedatives and hypnotics used to treat insomnia: Avoid concomitant use1 200

Other CNS depressants: Dosage adjustment of zaleplon and the CNS depressant may be necessary1

Digoxin

Pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction unlikely1 22

Diphenhydramine

Pharmacokinetic (aldehyde oxidase inhibition) interaction unlikely; possible additive CNS depressant effects1 22

Avoid concomitant use of diphenhydramine to treat insomnia200

Erythromycin

Increased (34%) plasma zaleplon concentrations (CYP3A4 inhibition by erythromycin) following single oral doses of zaleplon (10 mg) with erythromycin (800 mg); effects of multiple doses of concomitant erythromycin unknown1

No routine dosage adjustment of zaleplon considered necessary1

Ibuprofen

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 22

Imipramine

Additive CNS effects; pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely; concomitant administration of single doses of zaleplon 20 mg and imipramine 75 mg resulted in additive effects of decreased alertness and impaired psychomotor performance for 2–4 hours after administration1

Ketoconazole

Increased plasma zaleplon concentrations expected (CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole)1

No routine dosage adjustment of zaleplon considered necessary1

Paroxetine

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely; concomitant use (zaleplon single 20-mg dose and paroxetine 20 mg daily for 7 days) did not alter psychomotor performance or pharmacokinetics of zaleplon1

Phenobarbital

Possible increased clearance and decreased efficacy of zaleplon (CYP3A4 induction by phenobarbital)1

Consider alternate, non-CYP3A4 substrate hypnotic in patients receiving phenobarbital1

Phenytoin

Possible increased clearance and decreased efficacy of zaleplon (CYP3A4 induction by phenytoin)1

Consider alternate, non-CYP3A4 substrate hypnotic in patients receiving phenytoin1

Promethazine

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely; possible additive CNS effects; concomitant administration of single doses of zaleplon 10 mg and promethazine 25 mg resulted in a 15% decrease in zaleplon peak plasma concentrations and no change in zaleplon AUC; possible pharmacodynamic interaction not evaluated1

Use concomitantly with caution1

Rifampin

Decreased (80%) peak plasma concentrations and AUC of zaleplon; may result in decreased zaleplon efficacy (CYP3A4 induction by rifampin)1

Consider alternate, non-CYP3A4 substrate hypnotic in patients receiving rifampin1

Thioridazine

Additive CNS effects; pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely; concomitant administration of single doses of zaleplon 20 mg and thioridazine 50 mg resulted in additive effects of decreased alertness and impaired psychomotor performance for 2–4 hours after administration1

Venlafaxine

Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely; concomitant use of multiple doses of extended-release venlafaxine 150 mg and a single dose of zaleplon 10 mg did not result in a pharmacodynamic interaction and did not alter pharmacokinetics of either drug1

Warfarin

Pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions unlikely1

Zaleplon Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations attained in approximately 1 hour.1 Absolute oral bioavailability is about 30%.1

Food

High-fat or heavy meal decreases peak plasma concentration by approximately 35% and prolongs time to peak plasma concentration by approximately 2 hours; AUC and elimination half-life not substantially affected.1 Effect on sleep onset may be decreased.1

Special Populations

In Japanese patients, peak plasma concentrations and AUC were increased 37 and 64%, respectively; may be attributed to differences in body weight or enzyme activity resulting from differences in diet, environment, or other factors.1

Distribution

Extent

Extensively distributed into extravascular tissues.1

Plasma Protein Binding

Approximately 60% (range: 45–75%).1

Elimination

Metabolism

Extensively metabolized, principally by aldehyde oxidase and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4.1 All metabolites are inactive.1

Elimination Route

Principally in urine (70%) as metabolites within 48 hours; also excreted in feces (17%), mainly as 5-oxo-zaleplon.1

Half-life

About 1 hour.1

Special Populations

In patients with cirrhosis, oral clearance is decreased by 70–87%.1

Renal excretion of unchanged drug accounts for <1% of an administered dose; pharmacokinetics are not altered in patients with renal impairment.1 Not studied in severe renal impairment.1

Pharmacokinetics do not appear to be affected by age (including ≥75 years) or sex.1

Stability

Storage

Oral

Capsules

Tight, light-resistant containers at 20–25°C.1

Actions

Advice to Patients

Additional Information

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

Subject to control under the Federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 as a schedule IV (C-IV) drug.1 4

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Zaleplon

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Capsules

5 mg*

Sonata (C-IV)

Pfizer

Zaleplon Capsules (C-IV)

10 mg*

Sonata (C-IV)

Pfizer

Zaleplon Capsules (C-IV)

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions April 27, 2023. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

References

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2. Elie R, Rüther E, Farr I et al for the Zaleplon Study Group. Sleep latency is shortened during 4 weeks of treatment with zaleplon, a novel nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 60:536-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10485636?dopt=AbstractPlus

3. Wagner J, Wagner ML, Hening WA. Beyond benzodiazepines: alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia. Ann Pharmacotherapy. 1998; 32:680-91.

4. Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedules of controlled substances: proposed placement of zaleplon into schedule IV. 21 CFR Part 1308. Notice of proposed rulemaking. Fed Regist. 1999; 64:24094-5.

5. Sanger DJ, Morel E, Perrault G. Comparison of the pharmacological profiles of the hypnotic drugs, zaleplon and zolpidem. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996; 313:35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8905326?dopt=AbstractPlus

6. Griebel G, Sanger DJ, Perrault G. The use of the rat elevated plus-maze to discriminate between non-selective and BZ-1 (omega 1) selective, benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Psychopharmacology. 1996; 124:245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8740046?dopt=AbstractPlus

7. Griebel G, Perrault G, Sanger DJ. Limited anxiolytic-like effects of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in rodents. J Psychopharmacol. 1998; 12:356-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10065909?dopt=AbstractPlus

8. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, von Moltke LL et al. Comparative kinetics and dynamics of zaleplon, zolpidem, and placebo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998; 64:553-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9834048?dopt=AbstractPlus

9. Renwick AB, Mistry H, Ball SE et al. Metabolism of zaleplon by human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 isoforms. Xenobiotica. 1998; 28:337-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9604298?dopt=AbstractPlus

10. Rush CR, Frey JM, Griffiths RR. Zaleplon and triazolam in humans: acute behavioral effects and abuse potential. Psychopharmacology. 1999; 145:39-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10445371?dopt=AbstractPlus

11. Darwish M, Martin PT, Cevallos WH et al. Rapid disappearance of zaleplon from breast milk after oral administration to lactating women. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 39:670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10392321?dopt=AbstractPlus

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13. Danjou P, Paty I, Fruncillo R et al. A comparison of the residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem following administration 5 to 2 h before awakening. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 48:367-74. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2014318&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10510148?dopt=AbstractPlus

14. Fry J, Scharf MB, Berkowitz DV et al. A phase III, 28 day, multicenter, randomized, double-blind comparator- and placebo-controlled, parallel-group safety, tolerability, and efficacy study of 5, 10, and 20 mg of zaleplon, compared with 10 mg of zolpidem or placebo, in adult outpatients with insomnia. Sleep. 1998; 21(Suppl):262.

15. Emilien G, Salinas E for the Zaleplon Study Group. Zaleplon decreases sleep latency in outpatients after 4 weeks of treatment. Eur J Neuropsychopharmacol. 1998; 8(Suppl 2):S297.

16. Drover DR, Lemmens HJM, Naidu S et al. Double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, pharmacodynamic study of 10 and 20 mg doses of zaleplon and zolpidem. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998; 63:199.

17. Vermeeren A, Danjou PE, O’Hanlon JF. Residual effects of evening and middle-of-the-night administraton of zaleplon 10 and 20 mg on memory and actual driving performance. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 1998; 13:S98-107.

18. Walsh JK, Fry J, Erwin CW et al. Efficacy and tolerability of 14-day administration of zaleplon 5mg and 10mg for the treatment of primary insomnia. Clin Drug Invest. 1998; 16:347-54.

19. Walsh JK, Ancoli-Israel S, Mangano R et al. Zaleplon 5 mg and 10 mg for the treatment of elderly primary insomniacs. Sleep. 1998; 22(Suppl):S341-2.

20. Wyeth-Ayerst, Philadelphia, PA. Personal communication.

21. George CFP, Series F, Kryger MH et al. Safety and efficacy of zaleplon versus zolpidem in outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and insomnia. Sleep. 1999; 22(Suppl):S320.

22. Darwish M. Overview of drug-interaction studies with zolpidem. Sleep. 1998; 22(Suppl):S280.

23. Allen D, Curran HV, Lader M. The effects of single doses of CL284,846, lorazepam, and placebo on psychomotor and memory function in normal male volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 45:313-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8299662?dopt=AbstractPlus

24. Members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on insomnia. Insomnia: assessment and management in primary care. From the NHLBI website. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/insom_pc.pdf

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200. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communications: FDA adds Boxed Warning for risk of serious injuries caused by sleepwalking with certain prescription insomnia medicines. Silver Spring, MD; 2019 Apr 30. From FDA website. https://www.fda.gov/media/123819/download

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Frequently asked questions