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Azelastine Hydrochloride (EENT) (Monograph)

Brand names: Astelin, Optivar
Drug class: Antiallergic Agents

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Sep 10, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Relatively selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist; a phthalazinone derivative.

Uses for Azelastine Hydrochloride (EENT)

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis

Symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (e.g., hay fever). Intranasal azelastine is at least as effective as oral antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine) or intranasal corticosteroids. May provide improvement of ocular manifestations, possibly secondary to systemic absorption of the drug.

Nonallergic Rhinitis

Symptomatic treatment of nonallergic (vasomotor) rhinitis.

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Symptomatic relief of ocular itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.

Azelastine Hydrochloride (EENT) Dosage and Administration

Administration

Administer nasal solution intranasally twice daily, using a spray pump.

Apply ophthalmic solution topically to the eye twice daily. Ophthalmic solution is not for injection or oral use.

Intranasal Administration

Before initial use, prime the pump until a fine mist appears, using up to 4 actuations of the pump. Administration of solution in a stream of liquid rather than as a mist may fail to provide maximum benefit and may cause discomfort.

If inhaler has not been used for ≥3 days, reprime pump with 2 actuations or until a fine mist appears. Reprime pump when the spray pump is inserted into the second bottle.

To actuate the pump, hold the bottle in one hand, with 2 fingers on the shoulders of the pump unit and the thumb on the bottom of the bottle. Press the bottom firmly and rapidly upward with the thumb to produce a fine mist.

Prior to administration, gently blow the nose to clear nasal passages. Insert nasal spray tip ¼ to ½ inch into a nostril, tilt head slightly forward while holding the bottle vertically upright, and aim spray tip toward the back of the nose. Rapidly and firmly press and actuate pump into the nostril while holding the other nostril closed, gently sniffing at the same time; do not tilt head back after dosing.

Repeat procedure for the other nostril. Provide a second spray into each nostril, beginning with the first nostril. Alternate nostrils between each actuation of nasal spray.

Use caution to avoid spraying nasal spray into the eyes.

Ophthalmic Administration

Remove soft contact lenses prior to administration of each dose (since benzalkonium chloride may be absorbed by the lenses); may reinsert lenses 10 minutes after administration if eyes are not red.

Avoid contamination of the solution container.

Dosage

Available as azelastine hydrochloride; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.

When properly primed, the nasal spray pump delivers approximately 100 metered doses per bottle.

Pediatric Patients

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
Intranasal

Children ≥12 years of age: 2 sprays (274 mcg) in each nostril twice daily.

Children 5–11 years of age: 1 spray (137 mcg) in each nostril twice daily.

Nonallergic Rhinitis
Intranasal

Children ≥12 years of age: 2 sprays (274 mcg) in each nostril twice daily.

Allergic Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmic

Children ≥3 years of age: 1 drop of a 0.05% solution in the affected eye(s) twice daily.

Adults

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
Intranasal

2 sprays (274 mcg) in each nostril twice daily.

Nonallergic Rhinitis
Intranasal

2 sprays (274 mcg) in each nostril twice daily.

Allergic Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmic

1 drop of a 0.05% solution in the affected eye(s) twice daily.

Special Populations

Geriatric Patients

Cautious dosing of nasal solution recommended.

Cautions for Azelastine Hydrochloride (EENT)

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

General Precautions

CNS Effects

Somnolence reported in patients receiving azelastine nasal solution. Performance of activities requiring mental alertness and physical coordination may be impaired.

Concurrent use of nasal solution with other CNS depressants may potentiate CNS depression. (See Specific Drugs under Interactions.)

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.

Lactation

Not known whether azelastine is distributed into milk. Use with caution in nursing women.

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of nasal solution for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis not established in children <5 years of age; safety and efficacy for treatment of nonallergic rhinitis not established in children <12 years of age.

Safety and efficacy of ophthalmic solution not established in children <3 years of age.

Geriatric Use

Response to nasal solution does not appear to differ from that in younger adults.

No substantial differences in safety and efficacy of ophthalmic solution relative to younger adults.

Common Adverse Effects

Nasal solution: Transient nasal burning or stinging, bitter taste, somnolence, headache, pharyngitis, paroxysmal sneezing.

Ophthalmic solution: Transient ocular burning/stinging, bitter taste, headache.

Drug Interactions

Metabolized by CYP isoenzymes.

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

CNS depressants

Potential additive CNS depression with astelazine nasal solution

Avoid concomitant use

Cimetidine

Possible increased serum azelastine concentrations

Erythromycin

No pharmacokinetic interaction or effect on QTc observed

Ketoconazole

No pharmacokinetic interaction or effect on QTc observed

Ranitidine

No pharmacokinetic interaction observed

Theophylline

No pharmacokinetic interaction observed

Azelastine Hydrochloride (EENT) Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Following intranasal administration, systemic bioavailability is 40%. Peak plasma concentrations occur 2–3 hours after intranasal administration.

Absorption following ophthalmic administration is low.

Onset

Following intranasal administration, symptomatic relief is evident within 1 hour; substantial relief usually is apparent within 3 hours; peak effect occurs between 4–6 hours.

Following ophthalmic administration, onset of action is rapid (3 minutes).

Duration

Following intranasal administration, effect persists throughout the 12-hour dosage interval.

Ophthalmic effect persists for about 8 hours.

Distribution

Plasma Protein Binding

Azelastine: Approximately 88%.

N-desmethylazelastine: 97%.

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized primarily to N-desmethylazelastine (an active metabolite) by CYP isoenzymes.

Elimination Route

Approximately 75% of an oral dose is excreted in feces, with <10% as unchanged drug.

Half-life

Azelastine: 22 hours (following oral and IV administration).

N-desmethylazelastine: 54 hours.

Special Populations

In patients with hepatic impairment, pharmacokinetics not altered.

Stability

Storage

Nasal

Solution

20–25°C. Protect from freezing.

Discard both bottles 3 months after initial insertion of the spray pump into the first of the 2 bottles in the dispensing package.

Ophthalmic

Solution

20–25°C. Store upright.

Actions

Advice to Patients

Additional Information

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided in the accompanying monograph was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. Readers are advised that decisions regarding use of drugs are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and that the information contained in the monograph is provided for informational purposes only. The manufacturer’s labeling should be consulted for more detailed information. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information contained in the monograph is not a substitute for medical care.

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

Azelastine Hydrochloride

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Ophthalmic

Solution

0.05%

Optivar (with benzalkonium chloride)

MedPointe

Nasal

Solution

0.1% (137 mcg/metered spray)

Astelin Nasal Spray (with benzalkonium chloride)

MedPointe

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions September 10, 2024. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

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