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Drug Interactions between Micronase and Zagam Respipac

This report displays the potential drug interactions for the following 2 drugs:

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Major

glyBURIDE sparfloxacin

Applies to: Micronase (glyburide) and Zagam Respipac (sparfloxacin)

MONITOR CLOSELY: Quinolone antibiotics may interfere with the therapeutic effects of insulin and other antidiabetic agents. The use of quinolones has been associated with disturbances in blood glucose homeostasis possibly stemming from effects on pancreatic beta cell ATP-sensitive potassium channels that regulate insulin secretion. Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia have been reported, usually in diabetic patients receiving concomitant treatment with an oral hypoglycemic agent or insulin. Although hyperglycemia is significantly more common and infection itself may be an underlying risk factor, hypoglycemia may cause greater morbidity and mortality. An internal safety review conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified at least 67 reports of severe hypoglycemia associated with quinolone use resulting in coma, death, or permanent and disabling injuries, primarily in elderly and diabetic patients with renal impairment and/or complicated infections. This is in addition to the numerous cases that have been reported for gatifloxacin, which led to its withdrawal from the U.S. market in 2008. Of the five quinolones that the FDA reviewed, levofloxacin had the most cases (44), followed by ciprofloxacin (12), moxifloxacin (9), ofloxacin (2), and gemifloxacin (0). Other quinolones such as nalidixic acid and norfloxacin, as well as some others that have never been marketed or are no longer marketed such as clinafloxacin and temafloxacin, have also been associated with dysglycemia, thus it is generally believed to be a class effect, albeit with varying risks amongst the individual agents. Available data also seem to indicate different time frames for the development of hypo- and hyperglycemia, with the former generally occurring within 1 to 3 days following quinolone initiation and the latter within 4 to 10 days later. Pharmacokinetically, ciprofloxacin is also a known inhibitor of CYP450 1A2 and 3A4 and may inhibit the hepatic metabolism of glyburide. Hypoglycemia in association with elevated serum glyburide level occurred in a patient after one week of ciprofloxacin therapy.

MANAGEMENT: Blood glucose should be closely monitored whenever quinolones are prescribed to diabetic patients, especially if they are elderly, have renal impairment, or are severely ill. Due to the risk of profound and potentially life-threatening hypoglycemia, particular caution is advised during concomitant use of insulin and insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylureas, meglitinides). Patients should also be apprised of the increased risk of hypoglycemia and be alert to potential signs and symptoms such as headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nervousness, confusion, tremor, hunger, weakness, perspiration, palpitation, and tachycardia. If hypoglycemia occurs, patients should initiate appropriate remedial therapy immediately, discontinue the quinolone, and contact their physician. Alternative antibiotics may need to be considered.

References

  1. "Product Information. Cipro (ciprofloxacin)." Bayer PROD (2002):
  2. "Product Information. Noroxin (norfloxacin)." Merck & Co., Inc PROD (2001):
  3. "Product Information. Floxin (ofloxacin)." Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical PROD (2001):
  4. "Product Information. Levaquin (levofloxacin)." Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical PROD (2001):
  5. "Product Information. Raxar (grepafloxacin)." Glaxo Wellcome PROD (2001):
  6. "Product Information. Trovan (trovafloxacin)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals PROD (2001):
  7. Edwards DJ, Bowles SK, Svensson CK, Rybak MJ "Inhibition of drug metabolism by quinolone antibiotics." Clin Pharmacokinet 15 (1988): 194-204
  8. "Product Information. Tequin (gatifloxacin)." Bristol-Myers Squibb PROD (2001):
  9. Gajjar DA, LaCreta FP, Kollia GD, et al. "Effect of multiple-dose gatifloxacin or ciprofloxacin on glucose homeostasis and insulin production in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus maintained with diet and exercise." Pharmacotherapy 20 (6 Pt 2) (2000): s76-86
  10. Roberge RJ, Kaplan R, Frank R, Fore C "Glyburide-ciprofloxacin interaction with resistant hypoglycemia." Ann Emerg Med 36 (2000): 160-3
  11. Rubinstein E "History of quinolones and their side effects." Chemotherapy 47 Suppl 3 (2001): 3-8
  12. Menzies DJ, Dorsainvil PA, Cunha BA, Johnson DH "Severe and persistent hypoglycemia due to gatifloxacin interaction with oral hypoglycemic agents." Am J Med 113 (2002): 232-4
  13. Baker SE, Hangii MC "Possible gatifloxacin-induced hypoglycemia." Ann Pharmacother 36 (2002): 1722-6
  14. "Product Information. Factive (gemifloxacin)." *GeneSoft Inc (2003):
  15. "Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia with fluoroquinolones." Med Lett Drugs Ther 45 (2003): 64
  16. Donaldson AR, Vandiver JR, Finch CK "Possible gatifloxacin-induced hyperglycemia." Ann Pharmacother 38 (2004): 602-5
  17. LeBlanc M, Belanger C, Cossette P "Severe and resistant hypoglycemia associated with concomitant gatifloxacin and glyburide therapy." Pharmacotherapy 24 (2004): 926-31
  18. Biggs WS "Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia associated with gatifloxacin use in elderly patients." J Am Board Fam Pract 16 (2004): 455-7
  19. Gavin JR 3rd, Kubin R, Choudhri S, et al. "Moxifloxacin and glucose homeostasis: a pooled-analysis of the evidence from clinical and postmarketing studies." Drug Saf 27 (2004): 671-86
  20. Saraya A, Yokokura M, Gonoi T, Seino S "Effects of fluoroquinolones on insulin secretion and beta-cell ATP-sensitive K(+) channels." Eur J Pharmacol 497 (2004): 111-7
  21. Lin G, Hays DP, Spillane L "Refractory hypoglycemia from ciprofloxacin and glyburide interaction." J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42 (2004): 295-7
  22. Friedrich LV, Dougherty R "Fatal hypoglycemia associated with levofloxacin." Pharmacotherapy 24 (2004): 1807-12
  23. Khovidhunkit W, Sunthornyothin S "Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and gatifloxacin." Ann Intern Med 141 (2004): 969
  24. Happe MR, Mulhall BP, Maydonovitch CL, Holtzmuller KC "Gatifloxacin-induced hyperglycemia." Ann Intern Med 141 (2004): 968-9
  25. Greenberg AL, Decerbo M, Fan J "Gatifloxacin therapy associated with hypoglycemia." Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005): 1210-1
  26. Blommel AL, Lutes RA "Severe hyperglycemia during renally adjusted gatifloxacin therapy." Ann Pharmacother 39 (2005): 1349-52
  27. Brogan SE, Cahalan MK "Gatifloxacin as a possible cause of serious postoperative hypoglycemia." Anesth Analg 101 (2005): 635-6
  28. Graumlich JF, Habis S, Avelino RR, et al. "Hypoglycemia in inpatients after gatifloxacin or levofloxacin therapy: nested case-control study." Pharmacotherapy 25 (2005): 1296-302
  29. Frothingham R "Glucose homeostasis abnormalities associated with use of gatifloxacin." Clin Infect Dis 41 (2005): 1269-76
  30. Bhasin R, Arce FC, Pasmantier R "Hypoglycemia associated with the use of gatifloxacin." Am J Med Sci 330 (2005): 250-3
  31. McMorran M, Morrison H, Letourneau G "Gatifloxacin (Tequin): hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/bulletin/carn-bcei_v13n3_e.html#1" (2006):
  32. Park-Wyllie LY, Juurlink DN, Kopp A, et al. "Outpatient gatifloxacin therapy and dysglycemia in older adults." N Engl J Med 354 (2006): 1352-61
  33. Wang S, Rizvi AA "Levofloxacin-induced hypoglycemia in a nondiabetic patient." Am J Med Sci 331 (2006): 334-5
  34. Kanbay M, Aydogan T, Bozalan R, et al. "A rare but serious side effect of levofloxacin: hypoglycemia in a geriatric patient." Diabetes Care 29 (2006): 1716-7
  35. Zvonar R "Gatifloxacin-induced dysglycemia." Am J Health Syst Pharm 63 (2006): 2087-2092
  36. Zhanel GG, Fontaine S, Adam H, et al. "A Review of New Fluoroquinolones : Focus on their Use in Respiratory Tract Infections." Treat Respir Med 5 (2006): 437-465
  37. Yip C, Lee AJ "Gatifloxacin-induced hyperglycemia: a case report and summary of the current literature." Clin Ther 28 (2006): 1857-66
  38. Tomita T, Onishi M, Sato E, Kimura Y, Kihira K "Gatifloxacin induces augmented insulin release and intracellular insulin." Biol Pharm Bull 30 (2007): 644-7
  39. Kelesidis T, Canseco E "Quinolone-induced hypoglycemia: a life-threatening but potentially reversible side effect." Am J Med 123 (2010): e5-6
  40. "Product Information. Baxdela (delafloxacin)." Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (2017):
View all 40 references

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Drug and food interactions

Moderate

glyBURIDE food

Applies to: Micronase (glyburide)

GENERALLY AVOID: Alcohol may cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Hypoglycemia most frequently occurs during acute consumption of alcohol. Even modest amounts can lower blood sugar significantly, especially when the alcohol is ingested on an empty stomach or following exercise. The mechanism involves inhibition of both gluconeogenesis as well as the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia. Episodes of hypoglycemia may last for 8 to 12 hours after ethanol ingestion. By contrast, chronic alcohol abuse can cause impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia. Moderate alcohol consumption generally does not affect blood glucose levels in patients with well controlled diabetes. A disulfiram-like reaction (e.g., flushing, headache, and nausea) to alcohol has been reported frequently with the use of chlorpropamide and very rarely with other sulfonylureas.

MANAGEMENT: Patients with diabetes should avoid consuming alcohol if their blood glucose is not well controlled, or if they have hypertriglyceridemia, neuropathy, or pancreatitis. Patients with well controlled diabetes should limit their alcohol intake to one drink daily for women and two drinks daily for men (1 drink = 5 oz wine, 12 oz beer, or 1.5 oz distilled spirits) in conjunction with their normal meal plan. Alcohol should not be consumed on an empty stomach or following exercise.

References

  1. Jerntorp P, Almer LO "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing in relation to macroangiopathy and peripheral neuropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes." Acta Med Scand 656 (1981): 33-6
  2. Jerntorp P, Almer LO, Holin H, et al. "Plasma chlorpropamide: a critical factor in chlorpropamide-alcohol flush." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24 (1983): 237-42
  3. Barnett AH, Spiliopoulos AJ, Pyke DA, et al. "Metabolic studies in chlorpropamide-alcohol flush positive and negative type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients with and without retinopathy." Diabetologia 24 (1983): 213-5
  4. Hartling SG, Faber OK, Wegmann ML, Wahlin-Boll E, Melander A "Interaction of ethanol and glipizide in humans." Diabetes Care 10 (1987): 683-6
  5. "Product Information. Diabinese (chlorpropamide)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  6. "Product Information. Glucotrol (glipizide)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals PROD (2002):
  7. "Product Information. Diabeta (glyburide)." Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
  8. Skillman TG, Feldman JM "The pharmacology of sulfonylureas." Am J Med 70 (1981): 361-72
  9. "Position Statement: evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes related complications. American Diabetes Association." Diabetes Care 25(Suppl 1) (2002): S50-S60
  10. Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics." O 0
View all 10 references

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Therapeutic duplication warnings

No warnings were found for your selected drugs.

Therapeutic duplication warnings are only returned when drugs within the same group exceed the recommended therapeutic duplication maximum.

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Drug Interaction Classification

These classifications are only a guideline. The relevance of a particular drug interaction to a specific individual is difficult to determine. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medication.
Major Highly clinically significant. Avoid combinations; the risk of the interaction outweighs the benefit.
Moderate Moderately clinically significant. Usually avoid combinations; use it only under special circumstances.
Minor Minimally clinically significant. Minimize risk; assess risk and consider an alternative drug, take steps to circumvent the interaction risk and/or institute a monitoring plan.
Unknown No interaction information available.

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