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Interactions between Aspir 81 and Insulin isophane / insulin regular

3 drug interactions and 33 additional warnings found for the following 2 drugs:

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Drug interactions

Moderate drug interactions

Moderate:

aspirin insulin regular

Applies to: Aspir 81 (aspirin) and insulin isophane / insulin regular
Monitor

The hypoglycemic effect of insulin may be potentiated by certain drugs, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 4-aminoquinolines, amylin analogs, anabolic steroids, fibrates, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, including linezolid), salicylates, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sulfonamides, disopyramide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, and ginseng. These drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia by enhancing insulin sensitivity (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, fibrates, ginseng); stimulating insulin secretion (salicylates, disopyramide, pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, MAOIs, ginseng); decreasing insulin clearance and resistance (4-aminoquinolines); increasing peripheral glucose utilization (SSRIs, insulin-like growth factor); inhibiting gluconeogenesis (SSRIs, MAOIs, insulin-like growth factor); slowing the rate of gastric emptying (amylin analogs); and/or suppressing postprandial glucagon secretion (amylin analogs). Clinical hypoglycemia has been reported during use of some of these agents alone or with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues. Use of SSRIs has also been associated with loss of awareness of hypoglycemia in isolated cases.

Management

Close monitoring for the development of hypoglycemia is recommended if these drugs are coadministered with insulin, particularly in patients with advanced age and/or renal impairment. The insulin dosage may require adjustment if an interaction is suspected. Patients should be apprised of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia (e.g., headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, hunger, tremor, weakness, sweating, palpitations), how to treat it, and to contact their physician if it occurs. Patients should be observed for loss of glycemic control when these drugs are withdrawn.

References (79)
  1. Daubresse JC, Luyckx AS, Lefebvre PJ (1976) "Potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas by clofibrate." N Engl J Med, 294, p. 613
  2. Salmela PI, Sotaniemi EA, Viikari J, et al. (1981) "Fenfluramine therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients effects on body weight, glucose homeostasis, serum lipoproteins, and antipyrine metabolism." Diabetes Care, 4, p. 535-40
  3. Verdy M, Charbonneau L, Verdy I, Belanger R, Bolte E, Chiasson JL (1983) "Fenfluramine in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetics: hypoglycemic versus anorectic effect." Int J Obes, 7, p. 289-97
  4. Baciewicz AM, Swafford WB Jr (1984) "Hypoglycemia induced by the interaction of chlorpropamide and co-trimoxazole." Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 18, p. 309-10
  5. Richardson T, Foster J, Mawer GE (1986) "Enhancement by sodium salicylate of the blood glucose lowering effect of chlorpropamide-drug interaction or summation of similar effects." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 22, p. 43-8
  6. Johnson J, Dobmeier M (1990) "Symptomatic hypoglycemia secondary to a glipizide-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug interaction." DICP, 24, p. 250-1
  7. Goldberg IJ, Brown LK, Rayfield EJ (1980) "Disopyramide (norpace)-induced hypoglycemia." Am J Med, 69, p. 463-6
  8. Quevedo SF, Krauss DS, Chazan JA, et al. (1981) "Fasting hypoglycemia secondary to disopyramide therapy." JAMA, 245, p. 2424
  9. Semel JD, Wortham E, Karl DM (1983) "Fasting hypoglycemia associated with disopyramide." Am Heart J, 106, p. 1160-1
  10. Nappi JM, Dhanani S, Lovejoy JR, VanderArk C (1983) "Severe hypoglycemia associated with disopyramide." West J Med, 138, p. 95-7
  11. Rubin M, Zakheim B, Pitchumoni C (1983) "Disopyramide-induced profound hypoglycemia." N Y State J Med, July,Aug,S, p. 1057-8
  12. Croxson MS, Shaw DW, Henley PG, Gabriel HDLL (1987) "Disopyramide-induced hypoglycaemia and increased serum insulin." N Z Med J, July, p. 407-8
  13. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Saccomanno F, et al. (1985) "Effects of salicylate, tolbutamide, and prostaglandin E2 on insulin responses to glucose in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 61, p. 160-6
  14. Wiederholt IC, Genco M, Foley JM (1967) "Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia induced by propoxyphene." Neurology, 17, p. 703-6
  15. Barbato M (1984) "Another problem with Kinidin." Med J Aust, 141, p. 685
  16. Arauz-Pacheco C, Ramirez LC, Rios JM, Raskin P (1990) "Hypoglycemia induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes receiving sulfonylurea therapy." Am J Med, 89, p. 811-3
  17. Murakami K, Nambu S, Koh H, Kobayashi M, Shigeta Y (1984) "Clofibrate enhances the affinity of insulin receptors in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 17, p. 89-91
  18. Daubresse JC, Daigneux D, Bruwier M, Luyckx A, Lefebvre PJ (1979) "Clofibrate and diabetes control in patients treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 7, p. 599-603
  19. Whitcroft IA, Thomas JM, Rawsthorne A, et al. (1990) "Effects of alpha and beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs and ACE inhibitors on long term glucose and lipid control in hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetics." Horm Metab Res Suppl, 22, p. 42-6
  20. Ahmad S (1991) "Gemfibrozil: interaction with glyburide." South Med J, 84, p. 102
  21. Konttinen A, Kuisma I, Ralli R, Pohjola S, Ojala K (1979) "The effect of gemfibrozil on serum lipids in diabetic patients." Ann Clin Res, 11, p. 240-5
  22. de Salcedo I, Gorringe AL, Silva JL, Santos JA (1976) "Gemfibrozil in a group of diabetics." Proc R Soc Med, 69, p. 64-70
  23. Phillips RE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, et al. (1986) "Hypoglycaemia and antimalarial drugs: quinidine and release of insulin." Br Med J, 292, p. 1319-21
  24. Davis TM, Karbwang J, Looareesuwan S, et al. (1990) "Comparative effects of quinine and quinidine on glucose metabolism in healthy volunteers." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 30, p. 397-403
  25. Wu B, Sato T, Kiyosue T, Arita M (1992) "Blockade of 2,4-dinitrophenol induced ATP sensitive potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes by class I antiarrhythmic drugs." Cardiovasc Res, 26, p. 1095-101
  26. Nakabayashi H, Ito T, Igawa T, Hiraiwa Y, Imamura T, Seta T, Kawato M, Usukura N, Takeda R (1989) "Disopyramide induces insulin secretion and plasma glucose diminution: studies using the in situ canine pancreas." Metabolism, 38, p. 179-83
  27. Strathman I, Schubert EN, Cohen A, Nitzberg DM (1983) "Hypoglycemia in patients receiving disopyramide phosphate." Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 17, p. 635-8
  28. Cacoub P, Deray G, Baumelou A, Grimaldi A, Soubrie C, Jacobs C (1989) "Disopyramide-induced hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature." Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 3, p. 527-35
  29. Asplund K, Wiholm BE, Lithner F (1983) "Glibenclamide-associated hypoglycaemia: a report on 57 cases." Diabetologia, 24, p. 412-7
  30. Slade IH, and Iosefa RN (1967) "Fatal hypoglycemic coma from the use of tolbutamide in elderly patients: report of two cases." J Am Geriatr Soc, 15, p. 948-50
  31. Cattaneo AG, Caviezel F, Pozza G (1990) "Pharmacological interaction between tolbutamide and acetylsalicylic acid: study on insulin secretion in man." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 28, p. 229-34
  32. Christensen LK, Hansen JM, Kristensen M (1963) "Sulphaphenazole-induced hypoglycemic attacks in tolbutamide-treated diabetics." Lancet, 2, p. 1298-301
  33. Turtle JR, Burgess JA (1973) "Hypoglycemic action of fenfluramine in diabetes mellitus." Diabetes, 22, p. 858-67
  34. Ferriere M, Lachkar H, Richard JL, Bringer J, Orsetti A, Mirouze J (1985) "Captopril and insulin sensitivity." Ann Intern Med, 102, p. 134-5
  35. Johnson JA, Kappel JE, Sharif MN (1993) "Hypoglycemia secondary to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole administration in a renal transplant patient." Ann Pharmacother, 27, p. 304-6
  36. Almirall J, Montoliu J, Torras A, Revert L (1989) "Propoxyphene-induced hypoglycemia in a patient with chronic renal failure." Nephron, 53, p. 273-5
  37. Hayashi S, Horie M, Tsuura Y, Ishida H, Okada Y, Seino Y, Sasayama S (1993) "Disopyramide blocks pancreatic ATP-sensitive K+ channels and enhances insulin release." Am J Physiol, 265, c337-42
  38. Phillips AF, Matty PJ, Porte PJ, Raye JR (1984) "Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion by indomethacin and sodium salicylate in the fetal lamb." Am J Obstet Gynecol, 148, p. 481-7
  39. Baron SH (1982) "Salicylates as hypoglycemic agents." Diabetes Care, 5, p. 64-71
  40. Prince RL, Larkins RG, Alford FP (1981) "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on plasma glucose and the response of glucose regulatory hormones to intravenous glucose and arginine in insulin treated diabetics and normal subjects." Metabolism, 30, p. 293-8
  41. Ferrari C, Fressati S, Romussi M, et al. (1977) "Effects of short-term clofibrate administration on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with chemical diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia." Metabolism, 26, p. 129-39
  42. Storlien LH, Thorburn AW, Smythe GA, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW (1989) "Effect of d-fenfluramine on basal glucose turnover and fat-feeding-induced insulin resistance in rats." Diabetes, 38, p. 499-503
  43. Pestell RG, Crock PA, Ward GM, Alford FP, Best JD (1989) "Fenfluramine increases insulin action in patients with NIDDM." Diabetes Care, 12, p. 252-8
  44. Harrison LC, King-Roach A, Martin FI, Melick RA (1975) "The effect of fenfluramine on insulin binding and on basal and insulin-stimulated oxidation of 1-C-glucose by human adipose tissue." Postgrad Med J, 51 Suppl 1, p. 110-4
  45. Feldman JM, Chapman B (1975) "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: nature of their interaction with rabbit pancreatic islets to alter insulin secretion." Diabetologia, 11, p. 487-94
  46. Aleyassine H, Gardiner RJ (1975) "Dual action of antidepressant drugs (MAO inhibitors) on insulin release." Endocrinology, 96, p. 702-10
  47. Aleyassine H, Lee SH (1972) "Inhibition of insulin release by substrates and inhibitors of monoamine oxidase." Am J Physiol, 222, p. 565-9
  48. Cooper AJ, Ashcroft G (1966) "Potentiation of insulin hypoglycaemia by M.A.O.I. antidepressant drugs." Lancet, 1, p. 407-9
  49. Herings RMC, Deboer A, Stricker BHC, Leufkens HGM, Porsius A (1995) "Hypoglycaemia associated with use of inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme." Lancet, 345, p. 1195-8
  50. Ahmad S (1995) "Drug interaction induces hypoglycemia." J Fam Pract, 40, p. 540-1
  51. Feher MD, Amiel S (1995) "ACE inhibitors and hypoglycaemia." Lancet, 346, p. 125-6
  52. Paolisso G, Balbi V, Gambardella A, Varricchio G, Tortoriello R, Saccomanno F, Amato L, Varricchio M (1995) "Lisinopril administration improves insulin action in aged patients with hypertension." J Hum Hypertens, 9, p. 541-6
  53. Darcy PF, Griffin JP (1995) "Interactions with drugs used in the treatment of depressive illness." Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev, 14, p. 211-31
  54. Kubacka RT, Antla EJ, Juhl RP, Welshman IR (1996) "Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects." Ann Pharmacother, 30, p. 20-6
  55. Deeg MA, Lipkin EW (1996) "Hypoglycemia associated with the use of fluoxetine." West J Med, 164, p. 262-3
  56. Hellman B (1974) "Potentiating effects of drugs on the binding of glibenclamide to pancreatic beta cells." Metabolism, 23, p. 839-46
  57. Hekimsoy Z, Biberoglu S, Comlekci A, Tarhan O, Mermut C, Biberoglu K (1997) "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia in a malnourished patient with severe infection." Eur J Endocrinol, 136, p. 3046
  58. Iida H, Morita T, Suzuki E, Iwasawa K, Toyooka T, Nakajima T (1999) "Hypoglycemia induced by interaction between clarithromycin and disopyramide." Jpn Heart J, 40, p. 91-6
  59. Morris AD, Newton RW, Boyle DI, et al. (1997) "ACE inhibitor use is associated with hospitalization for severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes." Diabetes Care, 20, p. 1363-7
  60. Abad S, Moachon L, Blanche P, Bavoux F, Sicard D, Salmon-Ceron D (2001) "Possible interaction between glicazide, fluconazole and sulfamethoxazole resulting in severe hypoglycaemia." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 52, p. 456-7
  61. (2002) "Product Information. Humalog (insulin lispro)." Lilly, Eli and Company
  62. (2002) "Product Information. Humulin 70/30 (insulin isophane-insulin regular)." Lilly, Eli and Company
  63. Pollak PT, Mukherjee SD, Fraser AD (2001) "Sertraline-induced hypoglycemia." Ann Pharmacother, 35, p. 1371-4
  64. Hundal RS, Petersen KF, Mayerson AB, et al. (2002) "Mechanism by which high-dose aspirin improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes." J Clin Invest, 109, p. 1321-6
  65. (2004) "Product Information. Apidra (insulin glulisine)." Aventis Pharmaceuticals
  66. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Pierangelo L, Mugellini A, Lusardi P (1998) "Comparative effects of lisinopril and losartan on insulin sensitivity in the treatment of non diabetic hypertension." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 46, p. 467-71
  67. Vuorinen-Markkola H, Yki-Jarvinen H (1995) "Antihypertensive therapy with enalapril improves glucose storage and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Metabolism, 44, p. 85-9
  68. (2005) "Product Information. Increlex (mecasermin)." Tercica Inc
  69. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al. (2000) "American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Arch Intern Med, 160, p. 1009-13
  70. Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al. (2000) "Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Care, 23, p. 1221-6
  71. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V (2003) "Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia." Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, p. 243-8
  72. Ben Salem C, Fathallah N, Hmouda H, Bouraoui K (2011) "Drug-induced hypoglycaemia: an update." Drug Saf, 34, p. 21-45
  73. (2014) "Product Information. Afrezza (insulin inhalation, rapid acting)." MannKind Corporation
  74. (2015) "Product Information. Ryzodeg 70/30 FlexTouch (insulin aspart-insulin degludec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  75. (2015) "Product Information. Tresiba FlexTouch (insulin degludec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  76. World Health Organization (2020) WHO Public Assessment Reports (WHOPARs) https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/medicines/prequalification-reports/whopars
  77. (2024) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Canada Inc
  78. (2026) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  79. (2025) "Product Information. Awiqli (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, VV-LAB-102355 v9.0
Moderate:

aspirin insulin isophane (NPH)

Applies to: Aspir 81 (aspirin) and insulin isophane / insulin regular
Monitor

The hypoglycemic effect of insulin may be potentiated by certain drugs, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 4-aminoquinolines, amylin analogs, anabolic steroids, fibrates, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, including linezolid), salicylates, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sulfonamides, disopyramide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, and ginseng. These drugs may increase the risk of hypoglycemia by enhancing insulin sensitivity (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, fibrates, ginseng); stimulating insulin secretion (salicylates, disopyramide, pentoxifylline, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, MAOIs, ginseng); decreasing insulin clearance and resistance (4-aminoquinolines); increasing peripheral glucose utilization (SSRIs, insulin-like growth factor); inhibiting gluconeogenesis (SSRIs, MAOIs, insulin-like growth factor); slowing the rate of gastric emptying (amylin analogs); and/or suppressing postprandial glucagon secretion (amylin analogs). Clinical hypoglycemia has been reported during use of some of these agents alone or with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues. Use of SSRIs has also been associated with loss of awareness of hypoglycemia in isolated cases.

Management

Close monitoring for the development of hypoglycemia is recommended if these drugs are coadministered with insulin, particularly in patients with advanced age and/or renal impairment. The insulin dosage may require adjustment if an interaction is suspected. Patients should be apprised of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia (e.g., headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, hunger, tremor, weakness, sweating, palpitations), how to treat it, and to contact their physician if it occurs. Patients should be observed for loss of glycemic control when these drugs are withdrawn.

References (79)
  1. Daubresse JC, Luyckx AS, Lefebvre PJ (1976) "Potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas by clofibrate." N Engl J Med, 294, p. 613
  2. Salmela PI, Sotaniemi EA, Viikari J, et al. (1981) "Fenfluramine therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients effects on body weight, glucose homeostasis, serum lipoproteins, and antipyrine metabolism." Diabetes Care, 4, p. 535-40
  3. Verdy M, Charbonneau L, Verdy I, Belanger R, Bolte E, Chiasson JL (1983) "Fenfluramine in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetics: hypoglycemic versus anorectic effect." Int J Obes, 7, p. 289-97
  4. Baciewicz AM, Swafford WB Jr (1984) "Hypoglycemia induced by the interaction of chlorpropamide and co-trimoxazole." Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 18, p. 309-10
  5. Richardson T, Foster J, Mawer GE (1986) "Enhancement by sodium salicylate of the blood glucose lowering effect of chlorpropamide-drug interaction or summation of similar effects." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 22, p. 43-8
  6. Johnson J, Dobmeier M (1990) "Symptomatic hypoglycemia secondary to a glipizide-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug interaction." DICP, 24, p. 250-1
  7. Goldberg IJ, Brown LK, Rayfield EJ (1980) "Disopyramide (norpace)-induced hypoglycemia." Am J Med, 69, p. 463-6
  8. Quevedo SF, Krauss DS, Chazan JA, et al. (1981) "Fasting hypoglycemia secondary to disopyramide therapy." JAMA, 245, p. 2424
  9. Semel JD, Wortham E, Karl DM (1983) "Fasting hypoglycemia associated with disopyramide." Am Heart J, 106, p. 1160-1
  10. Nappi JM, Dhanani S, Lovejoy JR, VanderArk C (1983) "Severe hypoglycemia associated with disopyramide." West J Med, 138, p. 95-7
  11. Rubin M, Zakheim B, Pitchumoni C (1983) "Disopyramide-induced profound hypoglycemia." N Y State J Med, July,Aug,S, p. 1057-8
  12. Croxson MS, Shaw DW, Henley PG, Gabriel HDLL (1987) "Disopyramide-induced hypoglycaemia and increased serum insulin." N Z Med J, July, p. 407-8
  13. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Saccomanno F, et al. (1985) "Effects of salicylate, tolbutamide, and prostaglandin E2 on insulin responses to glucose in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 61, p. 160-6
  14. Wiederholt IC, Genco M, Foley JM (1967) "Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia induced by propoxyphene." Neurology, 17, p. 703-6
  15. Barbato M (1984) "Another problem with Kinidin." Med J Aust, 141, p. 685
  16. Arauz-Pacheco C, Ramirez LC, Rios JM, Raskin P (1990) "Hypoglycemia induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes receiving sulfonylurea therapy." Am J Med, 89, p. 811-3
  17. Murakami K, Nambu S, Koh H, Kobayashi M, Shigeta Y (1984) "Clofibrate enhances the affinity of insulin receptors in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 17, p. 89-91
  18. Daubresse JC, Daigneux D, Bruwier M, Luyckx A, Lefebvre PJ (1979) "Clofibrate and diabetes control in patients treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 7, p. 599-603
  19. Whitcroft IA, Thomas JM, Rawsthorne A, et al. (1990) "Effects of alpha and beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs and ACE inhibitors on long term glucose and lipid control in hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetics." Horm Metab Res Suppl, 22, p. 42-6
  20. Ahmad S (1991) "Gemfibrozil: interaction with glyburide." South Med J, 84, p. 102
  21. Konttinen A, Kuisma I, Ralli R, Pohjola S, Ojala K (1979) "The effect of gemfibrozil on serum lipids in diabetic patients." Ann Clin Res, 11, p. 240-5
  22. de Salcedo I, Gorringe AL, Silva JL, Santos JA (1976) "Gemfibrozil in a group of diabetics." Proc R Soc Med, 69, p. 64-70
  23. Phillips RE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, et al. (1986) "Hypoglycaemia and antimalarial drugs: quinidine and release of insulin." Br Med J, 292, p. 1319-21
  24. Davis TM, Karbwang J, Looareesuwan S, et al. (1990) "Comparative effects of quinine and quinidine on glucose metabolism in healthy volunteers." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 30, p. 397-403
  25. Wu B, Sato T, Kiyosue T, Arita M (1992) "Blockade of 2,4-dinitrophenol induced ATP sensitive potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes by class I antiarrhythmic drugs." Cardiovasc Res, 26, p. 1095-101
  26. Nakabayashi H, Ito T, Igawa T, Hiraiwa Y, Imamura T, Seta T, Kawato M, Usukura N, Takeda R (1989) "Disopyramide induces insulin secretion and plasma glucose diminution: studies using the in situ canine pancreas." Metabolism, 38, p. 179-83
  27. Strathman I, Schubert EN, Cohen A, Nitzberg DM (1983) "Hypoglycemia in patients receiving disopyramide phosphate." Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 17, p. 635-8
  28. Cacoub P, Deray G, Baumelou A, Grimaldi A, Soubrie C, Jacobs C (1989) "Disopyramide-induced hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature." Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 3, p. 527-35
  29. Asplund K, Wiholm BE, Lithner F (1983) "Glibenclamide-associated hypoglycaemia: a report on 57 cases." Diabetologia, 24, p. 412-7
  30. Slade IH, and Iosefa RN (1967) "Fatal hypoglycemic coma from the use of tolbutamide in elderly patients: report of two cases." J Am Geriatr Soc, 15, p. 948-50
  31. Cattaneo AG, Caviezel F, Pozza G (1990) "Pharmacological interaction between tolbutamide and acetylsalicylic acid: study on insulin secretion in man." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 28, p. 229-34
  32. Christensen LK, Hansen JM, Kristensen M (1963) "Sulphaphenazole-induced hypoglycemic attacks in tolbutamide-treated diabetics." Lancet, 2, p. 1298-301
  33. Turtle JR, Burgess JA (1973) "Hypoglycemic action of fenfluramine in diabetes mellitus." Diabetes, 22, p. 858-67
  34. Ferriere M, Lachkar H, Richard JL, Bringer J, Orsetti A, Mirouze J (1985) "Captopril and insulin sensitivity." Ann Intern Med, 102, p. 134-5
  35. Johnson JA, Kappel JE, Sharif MN (1993) "Hypoglycemia secondary to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole administration in a renal transplant patient." Ann Pharmacother, 27, p. 304-6
  36. Almirall J, Montoliu J, Torras A, Revert L (1989) "Propoxyphene-induced hypoglycemia in a patient with chronic renal failure." Nephron, 53, p. 273-5
  37. Hayashi S, Horie M, Tsuura Y, Ishida H, Okada Y, Seino Y, Sasayama S (1993) "Disopyramide blocks pancreatic ATP-sensitive K+ channels and enhances insulin release." Am J Physiol, 265, c337-42
  38. Phillips AF, Matty PJ, Porte PJ, Raye JR (1984) "Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion by indomethacin and sodium salicylate in the fetal lamb." Am J Obstet Gynecol, 148, p. 481-7
  39. Baron SH (1982) "Salicylates as hypoglycemic agents." Diabetes Care, 5, p. 64-71
  40. Prince RL, Larkins RG, Alford FP (1981) "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on plasma glucose and the response of glucose regulatory hormones to intravenous glucose and arginine in insulin treated diabetics and normal subjects." Metabolism, 30, p. 293-8
  41. Ferrari C, Fressati S, Romussi M, et al. (1977) "Effects of short-term clofibrate administration on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with chemical diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia." Metabolism, 26, p. 129-39
  42. Storlien LH, Thorburn AW, Smythe GA, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW (1989) "Effect of d-fenfluramine on basal glucose turnover and fat-feeding-induced insulin resistance in rats." Diabetes, 38, p. 499-503
  43. Pestell RG, Crock PA, Ward GM, Alford FP, Best JD (1989) "Fenfluramine increases insulin action in patients with NIDDM." Diabetes Care, 12, p. 252-8
  44. Harrison LC, King-Roach A, Martin FI, Melick RA (1975) "The effect of fenfluramine on insulin binding and on basal and insulin-stimulated oxidation of 1-C-glucose by human adipose tissue." Postgrad Med J, 51 Suppl 1, p. 110-4
  45. Feldman JM, Chapman B (1975) "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: nature of their interaction with rabbit pancreatic islets to alter insulin secretion." Diabetologia, 11, p. 487-94
  46. Aleyassine H, Gardiner RJ (1975) "Dual action of antidepressant drugs (MAO inhibitors) on insulin release." Endocrinology, 96, p. 702-10
  47. Aleyassine H, Lee SH (1972) "Inhibition of insulin release by substrates and inhibitors of monoamine oxidase." Am J Physiol, 222, p. 565-9
  48. Cooper AJ, Ashcroft G (1966) "Potentiation of insulin hypoglycaemia by M.A.O.I. antidepressant drugs." Lancet, 1, p. 407-9
  49. Herings RMC, Deboer A, Stricker BHC, Leufkens HGM, Porsius A (1995) "Hypoglycaemia associated with use of inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme." Lancet, 345, p. 1195-8
  50. Ahmad S (1995) "Drug interaction induces hypoglycemia." J Fam Pract, 40, p. 540-1
  51. Feher MD, Amiel S (1995) "ACE inhibitors and hypoglycaemia." Lancet, 346, p. 125-6
  52. Paolisso G, Balbi V, Gambardella A, Varricchio G, Tortoriello R, Saccomanno F, Amato L, Varricchio M (1995) "Lisinopril administration improves insulin action in aged patients with hypertension." J Hum Hypertens, 9, p. 541-6
  53. Darcy PF, Griffin JP (1995) "Interactions with drugs used in the treatment of depressive illness." Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev, 14, p. 211-31
  54. Kubacka RT, Antla EJ, Juhl RP, Welshman IR (1996) "Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects." Ann Pharmacother, 30, p. 20-6
  55. Deeg MA, Lipkin EW (1996) "Hypoglycemia associated with the use of fluoxetine." West J Med, 164, p. 262-3
  56. Hellman B (1974) "Potentiating effects of drugs on the binding of glibenclamide to pancreatic beta cells." Metabolism, 23, p. 839-46
  57. Hekimsoy Z, Biberoglu S, Comlekci A, Tarhan O, Mermut C, Biberoglu K (1997) "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia in a malnourished patient with severe infection." Eur J Endocrinol, 136, p. 3046
  58. Iida H, Morita T, Suzuki E, Iwasawa K, Toyooka T, Nakajima T (1999) "Hypoglycemia induced by interaction between clarithromycin and disopyramide." Jpn Heart J, 40, p. 91-6
  59. Morris AD, Newton RW, Boyle DI, et al. (1997) "ACE inhibitor use is associated with hospitalization for severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes." Diabetes Care, 20, p. 1363-7
  60. Abad S, Moachon L, Blanche P, Bavoux F, Sicard D, Salmon-Ceron D (2001) "Possible interaction between glicazide, fluconazole and sulfamethoxazole resulting in severe hypoglycaemia." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 52, p. 456-7
  61. (2002) "Product Information. Humalog (insulin lispro)." Lilly, Eli and Company
  62. (2002) "Product Information. Humulin 70/30 (insulin isophane-insulin regular)." Lilly, Eli and Company
  63. Pollak PT, Mukherjee SD, Fraser AD (2001) "Sertraline-induced hypoglycemia." Ann Pharmacother, 35, p. 1371-4
  64. Hundal RS, Petersen KF, Mayerson AB, et al. (2002) "Mechanism by which high-dose aspirin improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes." J Clin Invest, 109, p. 1321-6
  65. (2004) "Product Information. Apidra (insulin glulisine)." Aventis Pharmaceuticals
  66. Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Pierangelo L, Mugellini A, Lusardi P (1998) "Comparative effects of lisinopril and losartan on insulin sensitivity in the treatment of non diabetic hypertension." Br J Clin Pharmacol, 46, p. 467-71
  67. Vuorinen-Markkola H, Yki-Jarvinen H (1995) "Antihypertensive therapy with enalapril improves glucose storage and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Metabolism, 44, p. 85-9
  68. (2005) "Product Information. Increlex (mecasermin)." Tercica Inc
  69. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al. (2000) "American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Arch Intern Med, 160, p. 1009-13
  70. Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al. (2000) "Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Care, 23, p. 1221-6
  71. Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V (2003) "Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia." Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, p. 243-8
  72. Ben Salem C, Fathallah N, Hmouda H, Bouraoui K (2011) "Drug-induced hypoglycaemia: an update." Drug Saf, 34, p. 21-45
  73. (2014) "Product Information. Afrezza (insulin inhalation, rapid acting)." MannKind Corporation
  74. (2015) "Product Information. Ryzodeg 70/30 FlexTouch (insulin aspart-insulin degludec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  75. (2015) "Product Information. Tresiba FlexTouch (insulin degludec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  76. World Health Organization (2020) WHO Public Assessment Reports (WHOPARs) https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/medicines/prequalification-reports/whopars
  77. (2024) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Canada Inc
  78. (2026) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  79. (2025) "Product Information. Awiqli (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, VV-LAB-102355 v9.0
Moderate:

insulin regular insulin isophane (NPH)

Applies to: insulin isophane / insulin regular and insulin isophane / insulin regular
Monitor

The hypoglycemic effect of insulin may be potentiated by other antidiabetic drugs. The proposed mechanism is additive hypoglycemic effects.

Management

Insulins may be used together, and insulin may be prescribed with non-insulin antidiabetic agents. However, close monitoring for hypoglycemia is recommended, particularly when therapy is initiated, discontinued, or adjusted, and in patients at increased risk such as older adults or those with renal impairment. Dose reduction of insulin and/or the concomitant antidiabetic agent may be necessary. Patients should be counseled on the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, including headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, hunger, tremor, weakness, sweating, and palpitations; how to treat low blood glucose; and when to contact their healthcare provider.

References (8)
  1. (2024) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Canada Inc
  2. (2026) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
  3. (2025) "Product Information. Kirsty (insulin aspart)." Biocon Biologics Inc., DM 4
  4. (2023) "Product Information. Insulin Aspart Protamine-Insulin Aspart FlexPen (insulin aspart-insulin aspart protamine)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, DM 8
  5. (2022) "Product Information. Insulin Degludec (insulin degludec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, DM 2
  6. (2022) "Product Information. Levemir (insulin detemir)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, DM 30
  7. (2025) "Product Information. Insulin Glargine Max Solostar Pen (insulin glargine)." Winthrop US, DM 7
  8. (2025) "Product Information. Awiqli (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd, VV-LAB-102355 v9.0

Food/lifestyle interactions

Moderate food/lifestyle interactions

Moderate:

insulin regular Food/Lifestyle

Applies to: insulin isophane / insulin regular
Generally avoid

Alcohol may cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Hypoglycemia most frequently occurs during acute consumption of alcohol. Even modest amounts can lower blood sugar significantly, especially when the alcohol is ingested on an empty stomach or following exercise. The mechanism involves inhibition of both gluconeogenesis as well as the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia. Episodes of hypoglycemia may last for 8 to 12 hours after ethanol ingestion. By contrast, chronic alcohol abuse can cause impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia. Moderate alcohol consumption generally does not affect blood glucose levels in patients with well controlled diabetes. A disulfiram-like reaction (e.g., flushing, headache, and nausea) to alcohol has been reported frequently with the use of chlorpropamide and very rarely with other sulfonylureas.

Management

Patients with diabetes should avoid consuming alcohol if their blood glucose is not well controlled, or if they have hypertriglyceridemia, neuropathy, or pancreatitis. Patients with well controlled diabetes should limit their alcohol intake to one drink daily for women and two drinks daily for men (1 drink = 5 oz wine, 12 oz beer, or 1.5 oz distilled spirits) in conjunction with their normal meal plan. Alcohol should not be consumed on an empty stomach or following exercise.

References (11)
  1. Jerntorp P, Almer LO (1981) "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing in relation to macroangiopathy and peripheral neuropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes." Acta Med Scand, 656, p. 33-6
  2. Jerntorp P, Almer LO, Holin H, et al. (1983) "Plasma chlorpropamide: a critical factor in chlorpropamide-alcohol flush." Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 24, p. 237-42
  3. Barnett AH, Spiliopoulos AJ, Pyke DA, et al. (1983) "Metabolic studies in chlorpropamide-alcohol flush positive and negative type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients with and without retinopathy." Diabetologia, 24, p. 213-5
  4. Hartling SG, Faber OK, Wegmann ML, Wahlin-Boll E, Melander A (1987) "Interaction of ethanol and glipizide in humans." Diabetes Care, 10, p. 683-6
  5. (2002) "Product Information. Diabinese (chlorpropamide)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals
  6. (2002) "Product Information. Glucotrol (glipizide)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals
  7. "Product Information. Diabeta (glyburide)." Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
  8. Skillman TG, Feldman JM (1981) "The pharmacology of sulfonylureas." Am J Med, 70, p. 361-72
  9. (2002) "Position Statement: evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes related complications. American Diabetes Association." Diabetes Care, 25(Suppl 1), S50-S60
  10. Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics."
  11. (2026) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
Moderate:

insulin isophane (NPH) Food/Lifestyle

Applies to: insulin isophane / insulin regular
Generally avoid

Alcohol may cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Hypoglycemia most frequently occurs during acute consumption of alcohol. Even modest amounts can lower blood sugar significantly, especially when the alcohol is ingested on an empty stomach or following exercise. The mechanism involves inhibition of both gluconeogenesis as well as the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia. Episodes of hypoglycemia may last for 8 to 12 hours after ethanol ingestion. By contrast, chronic alcohol abuse can cause impaired glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia. Moderate alcohol consumption generally does not affect blood glucose levels in patients with well controlled diabetes. A disulfiram-like reaction (e.g., flushing, headache, and nausea) to alcohol has been reported frequently with the use of chlorpropamide and very rarely with other sulfonylureas.

Management

Patients with diabetes should avoid consuming alcohol if their blood glucose is not well controlled, or if they have hypertriglyceridemia, neuropathy, or pancreatitis. Patients with well controlled diabetes should limit their alcohol intake to one drink daily for women and two drinks daily for men (1 drink = 5 oz wine, 12 oz beer, or 1.5 oz distilled spirits) in conjunction with their normal meal plan. Alcohol should not be consumed on an empty stomach or following exercise.

References (11)
  1. Jerntorp P, Almer LO (1981) "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing in relation to macroangiopathy and peripheral neuropathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes." Acta Med Scand, 656, p. 33-6
  2. Jerntorp P, Almer LO, Holin H, et al. (1983) "Plasma chlorpropamide: a critical factor in chlorpropamide-alcohol flush." Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 24, p. 237-42
  3. Barnett AH, Spiliopoulos AJ, Pyke DA, et al. (1983) "Metabolic studies in chlorpropamide-alcohol flush positive and negative type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients with and without retinopathy." Diabetologia, 24, p. 213-5
  4. Hartling SG, Faber OK, Wegmann ML, Wahlin-Boll E, Melander A (1987) "Interaction of ethanol and glipizide in humans." Diabetes Care, 10, p. 683-6
  5. (2002) "Product Information. Diabinese (chlorpropamide)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals
  6. (2002) "Product Information. Glucotrol (glipizide)." Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals
  7. "Product Information. Diabeta (glyburide)." Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
  8. Skillman TG, Feldman JM (1981) "The pharmacology of sulfonylureas." Am J Med, 70, p. 361-72
  9. (2002) "Position Statement: evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes related complications. American Diabetes Association." Diabetes Care, 25(Suppl 1), S50-S60
  10. Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics."
  11. (2026) "Product Information. Awiqli FlexTouch (insulin icodec)." Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc
Moderate:

aspirin Alcohol (Ethanol)

Applies to: Aspir 81 (aspirin)
Generally avoid

The concurrent use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ethanol may lead to gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss. The mechanism may be due to a combined local effect as well as inhibition of prostaglandins leading to decreased integrity of the GI lining.

Management

Patients should be counseled on this potential interaction and advised to refrain from alcohol consumption while taking aspirin or NSAIDs.

References (1)
  1. (2002) "Product Information. Motrin (ibuprofen)." Pharmacia and Upjohn

Minor food/lifestyle interactions

Minor:

aspirin Caffeine

Applies to: Aspir 81 (aspirin)

One study has reported that coadministration of caffeine and aspirin lead to a 25% increase in the rate of appearance and 17% increase in maximum concentration of salicylate in the plasma. A significantly higher area under the plasma concentration time curve of salicylate was also reported when both drugs were administered together. The exact mechanism of this interaction has not been specified. Physicians and patients should be aware that coadministration of aspirin and caffeine may lead to higher salicylate levels faster.

References (1)
  1. Yoovathaworn KC, Sriwatanakul K, Thithapandha A (1986) "Influence of caffeine on aspirin pharmacokinetics." Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 11, p. 71-6

Disease interactions

29 potential interactions Applies to: 27 conditions, including Asthma, Gastritis/Duodenitis, Hypokalemia, Anemia, and Peptic Ulcer.

Adrenal Insufficiency

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Adrenal Insufficiency.

Hypoglycemia may commonly occur during treatment with insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agents. Care should be taken in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the development of hypoglycemic episodes during the use of these drugs, including those who are debilitated or malnourished, those with defective counterregulatory mechanisms (e.g., autonomic neuropathy and adrenal or pituitary insufficiency), and those receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

Alcoholism

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Alcoholism.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Anemia

Moderate:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a moderate potential interaction with Anemia.

Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss occurs quite frequently with the use of normal dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. Other salicylates reportedly cause little or no GI blood loss at usual dosages, but may do so at high dosages. Prolonged therapy with salicylates, particularly aspirin, should be administered cautiously in patients with or predisposed to anemia. Periodic monitoring of hematocrit is recommended. The same precautions should also be observed with the use of related agents such as salicylamide because of their structural and pharmacological similarities to salicylate.

Anorexia/Feeding Problems

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Anorexia/Feeding Problems.

Hypoglycemia may commonly occur during treatment with insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agents. Care should be taken in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the development of hypoglycemic episodes during the use of these drugs, including those who are debilitated or malnourished, those with defective counterregulatory mechanisms (e.g., autonomic neuropathy and adrenal or pituitary insufficiency), and those receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

Asthma

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Asthma.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated in patients with history of asthma, urticaria, or other allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs; severe, sometimes fatal, anaphylactic reactions to NSAIDs have been reported in such patients. A subpopulation of patients with asthma may have aspirin-sensitive asthma which may include chronic rhinosinusitis complicated by nasal polyps, severe potentially fatal bronchospasm, and/or intolerance to aspirin and other NSAIDs. Since cross-reactivity between aspirin and other NSAIDs has been reported in such aspirin-sensitive patients, therapy with any NSAID should be avoided in patients with this form of aspirin sensitivity. NSAIDs should be used with caution in patients with preexisting asthma (without known aspirin sensitivity), and these patients should be monitored for changes in the signs and symptoms of asthma.

Autonomic Neuropathy

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Autonomic Neuropathy.

Hypoglycemia may commonly occur during treatment with insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agents. Care should be taken in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the development of hypoglycemic episodes during the use of these drugs, including those who are debilitated or malnourished, those with defective counterregulatory mechanisms (e.g., autonomic neuropathy and adrenal or pituitary insufficiency), and those receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

Bleeding Disorder

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Bleeding Disorder.

The use of aspirin is contraindicated in patients with significant active bleeding or hemorrhagic disorders such as hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, or telangiectasia. Aspirin interferes with coagulation by irreversibly inhibiting platelet aggregation and prolonging bleeding time. The non-aceylated salicylates (i.e. salicylate salts such as sodium or magnesium salicylate) do not demonstrate these effects and may be appropriate substitutions in these patients. However, all salicylates can interfere with the action of vitamin K and induce a dose-dependent alteration in hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX and X. At usual recommended dosages, a slight increase in prothrombin time (PT) may occur. Therapy with salicylates, especially aspirin, should be administered with extreme caution in patients with hypoprothrombinemia, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, severe hepatic impairment, or anticoagulant use.

Coagulation Defects and Disorders

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Coagulation Defects and Disorders.

The use of aspirin is contraindicated in patients with significant active bleeding or hemorrhagic disorders such as hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, or telangiectasia. Aspirin interferes with coagulation by irreversibly inhibiting platelet aggregation and prolonging bleeding time. The non-aceylated salicylates (i.e. salicylate salts such as sodium or magnesium salicylate) do not demonstrate these effects and may be appropriate substitutions in these patients. However, all salicylates can interfere with the action of vitamin K and induce a dose-dependent alteration in hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX and X. At usual recommended dosages, a slight increase in prothrombin time (PT) may occur. Therapy with salicylates, especially aspirin, should be administered with extreme caution in patients with hypoprothrombinemia, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, severe hepatic impairment, or anticoagulant use.

Colonic Ulceration

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Colonic Ulceration.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

G-6-PD Deficiency

Moderate:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a moderate potential interaction with G-6-PD Deficiency.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, may cause or aggravate hemolysis in patients with pyruvate kinase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. However, this effect has not been clearly established. Until more data are available, therapy with salicylates should be administered cautiously in patients with G-6-PD deficiency. The same precaution should also be observed with the use of related agents such as salicylamide because of their structural and pharmacological similarities to salicylate.

Gastritis/Duodenitis

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Gastritis/Duodenitis.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Gastrointestinal Perforation

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Gastrointestinal Perforation.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Hemodialysis

Moderate:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a moderate potential interaction with Hemodialysis.

Salicylate and its metabolites are readily removed by hemodialysis and, to a lesser extent, by peritoneal dialysis. Doses should either be scheduled for administration after dialysis or supplemental doses be given after dialysis.

History, Peptic Ulcer

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with History, Peptic Ulcer.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Hypokalemia

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Hypokalemia.

Hypokalemia may commonly occur during treatment with insulin. Use with caution in patients who may be particularly at risk of developing hypokalemia (e.g., patients using potassium-lowering medications, patients taking medications sensitive to serum potassium concentrations).

Influenza

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Influenza.

The use of salicylates, primarily aspirin, in children with varicella infections or influenza-like illnesses has been associated with an increased risk of Reye's syndrome. Although a causal relationship has not been established, the majority of evidence to date seems to support the association. Most authorities, including the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, recommend avoiding the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with known or suspected varicella or influenza and during presumed outbreaks of influenza. If antipyretic or analgesic therapy is indicated under these circumstances, acetaminophen may be an appropriate alternative. The same precautions should also be observed with related agents such as salicylamide or diflunisal because of their structural and pharmacological similarities to salicylate.

Liver Disease

Moderate:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a moderate potential interaction with Liver Disease.

The use of salicylates has occasionally been associated with acute, reversible hepatotoxicity, primarily manifested as elevations of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and/or, rarely, bilirubin. Hepatic injury consistent with chronic active hepatitis has also been reported in a few patients, which resulted rarely in encephalopathy or death. Salicylate-induced hepatotoxicity appears to be dependent on serum salicylate concentration (> 25 mg/dL) and has occurred most frequently in patients with juvenile arthritis, active systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, or preexisting hepatic impairment. Therapy with salicylates, particularly when given in high dosages, should be administered cautiously in these patients, and periodic monitoring of liver function is recommended. The same precautions should also be observed with the use of related agents such as salicylamide because of their structural and pharmacological similarities to salicylate. A dosage reduction may be necessary if liver function abnormalities develop and serum salicylate concentration exceeds 25 mg/dL, although serum transaminase elevations may sometimes be transient and return to pretreatment values despite continued therapy without dosage adjustment.

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Liver Disease.

Insulin requirements may be diminished in patients with renal or hepatic impairment due to reduced insulin metabolism and, in the latter case, also to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis. Lower initial dosages may be appropriate, with careful monitoring of plasma glucose levels and dosing adjustments.

Malnourishment

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Malnourishment.

Hypoglycemia may commonly occur during treatment with insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agents. Care should be taken in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the development of hypoglycemic episodes during the use of these drugs, including those who are debilitated or malnourished, those with defective counterregulatory mechanisms (e.g., autonomic neuropathy and adrenal or pituitary insufficiency), and those receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

Noninfectious Colitis

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Noninfectious Colitis.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Panhypopituitarism

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Panhypopituitarism.

Hypoglycemia may commonly occur during treatment with insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agents. Care should be taken in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the development of hypoglycemic episodes during the use of these drugs, including those who are debilitated or malnourished, those with defective counterregulatory mechanisms (e.g., autonomic neuropathy and adrenal or pituitary insufficiency), and those receiving beta-adrenergic blocking agents.

Peptic Ulcer

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Peptic Ulcer.

Salicylates, particularly aspirin, can cause dose-related gastrointestinal bleeding and mucosal damage, which may occur independently of each other. Occult, often asymptomatic GI blood loss is quite common with usual dosages of aspirin and stems from the drug's local effect on the GI mucosa. During chronic therapy, this type of bleeding may occasionally produce iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, major upper GI bleeding rarely occurs except in patients with active peptic ulcers or recent GI bleeding. However, these patients generally do not experience greater occult blood loss than healthy patients following small doses of aspirin. Mucosal damage associated with the use of salicylates may lead to development of peptic ulcers with or without bleeding, reactivation of latent ulcers, and ulcer perforation. Therapy with salicylates and related agents such as salicylamide should be considered and administered cautiously in patients with a history of GI disease or alcoholism, particularly if they are elderly and/or debilitated, since such patients may be more susceptible to the GI toxicity of these drugs and seem to tolerate ulceration and bleeding less well than other individuals. Extreme caution and thorough assessment of risks and benefits are warranted in patients with active or recent GI bleeding or lesions. Whenever possible, especially if prolonged use is anticipated, treatment with non-ulcerogenic agents should be attempted first. If salicylates are used, close monitoring for toxicity is recommended. Some adverse GI effects may be minimized by administration with high dosages of antacids, use of enteric-coated or extended-release formulations, and/or concurrent use of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a cytoprotective agent such as misoprostol. Patients with active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding treated with salicylates should generally be administered a concomitant anti-ulcer regimen.

Renal Dysfunction

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Renal Dysfunction.

Salicylate and its metabolites are eliminated almost entirely by the kidney. Therapy with salicylate drugs should be administered cautiously in patients with renal impairment, especially if it is severe. Reduced dosages may be necessary to avoid drug accumulation. Clinical monitoring of renal function is recommended during prolonged therapy, since the use of salicylate drugs has rarely been associated with renal toxicities, including elevations in serum creatinine, renal papillary necrosis, and acute tubular necrosis with renal failure. Most of the data have been derived from experience with aspirin but may apply to other salicylates as well. In patients with impaired renal function, aspirin has caused reversible and sometimes marked decreases in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Adverse renal effects have usually reversed rapidly following withdrawal of aspirin therapy.

Moderate:

insulin isophane / insulin regular

The insulin isophane (NPH) and insulin regular in insulin isophane / insulin regular both have a moderate potential interaction with Renal Dysfunction.

Insulin requirements may be diminished in patients with renal or hepatic impairment due to reduced insulin metabolism and, in the latter case, also to reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis. Lower initial dosages may be appropriate, with careful monitoring of plasma glucose levels and dosing adjustments.

Thrombocytopathy

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Thrombocytopathy.

The use of aspirin is contraindicated in patients with significant active bleeding or hemorrhagic disorders such as hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, or telangiectasia. Aspirin interferes with coagulation by irreversibly inhibiting platelet aggregation and prolonging bleeding time. The non-aceylated salicylates (i.e. salicylate salts such as sodium or magnesium salicylate) do not demonstrate these effects and may be appropriate substitutions in these patients. However, all salicylates can interfere with the action of vitamin K and induce a dose-dependent alteration in hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX and X. At usual recommended dosages, a slight increase in prothrombin time (PT) may occur. Therapy with salicylates, especially aspirin, should be administered with extreme caution in patients with hypoprothrombinemia, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, severe hepatic impairment, or anticoagulant use.

Thrombocytopenia

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Thrombocytopenia.

The use of aspirin is contraindicated in patients with significant active bleeding or hemorrhagic disorders such as hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, or telangiectasia. Aspirin interferes with coagulation by irreversibly inhibiting platelet aggregation and prolonging bleeding time. The non-aceylated salicylates (i.e. salicylate salts such as sodium or magnesium salicylate) do not demonstrate these effects and may be appropriate substitutions in these patients. However, all salicylates can interfere with the action of vitamin K and induce a dose-dependent alteration in hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX and X. At usual recommended dosages, a slight increase in prothrombin time (PT) may occur. Therapy with salicylates, especially aspirin, should be administered with extreme caution in patients with hypoprothrombinemia, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, severe hepatic impairment, or anticoagulant use.

Varicella-Zoster

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Varicella-Zoster.

The use of salicylates, primarily aspirin, in children with varicella infections or influenza-like illnesses has been associated with an increased risk of Reye's syndrome. Although a causal relationship has not been established, the majority of evidence to date seems to support the association. Most authorities, including the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, recommend avoiding the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with known or suspected varicella or influenza and during presumed outbreaks of influenza. If antipyretic or analgesic therapy is indicated under these circumstances, acetaminophen may be an appropriate alternative. The same precautions should also be observed with related agents such as salicylamide or diflunisal because of their structural and pharmacological similarities to salicylate.

Vitamin K Deficiency

Major:

Aspir 81

The aspirin in Aspir 81 has a major potential interaction with Vitamin K Deficiency.

The use of aspirin is contraindicated in patients with significant active bleeding or hemorrhagic disorders such as hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, or telangiectasia. Aspirin interferes with coagulation by irreversibly inhibiting platelet aggregation and prolonging bleeding time. The non-aceylated salicylates (i.e. salicylate salts such as sodium or magnesium salicylate) do not demonstrate these effects and may be appropriate substitutions in these patients. However, all salicylates can interfere with the action of vitamin K and induce a dose-dependent alteration in hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors VII, IX and X. At usual recommended dosages, a slight increase in prothrombin time (PT) may occur. Therapy with salicylates, especially aspirin, should be administered with extreme caution in patients with hypoprothrombinemia, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, severe hepatic impairment, or anticoagulant use.

More resources

Aspir 81

A total of 467 drugs are known to interact with Aspir 81.

insulin isophane / insulin regular

A total of 457 drugs are known to interact with insulin isophane / insulin regular.

Drug Interaction Classification

These classifications are only a guideline. The relevance of a particular drug interaction to a specific individual is difficult to determine. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medication.
Major Highly clinically significant. Avoid combinations; the risk of the interaction outweighs the benefit.
Moderate Moderately clinically significant. Usually avoid combinations; use it only under special circumstances.
Minor Minimally clinically significant. Minimize risk; assess risk and consider an alternative drug, take steps to circumvent the interaction risk and/or institute a monitoring plan.
Unknown No interaction information available.

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.