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Raloxifene (Monograph)

Brand name: Evista
Drug class: Estrogen Agonists-Antagonists
- Antiestrogens
ATC class: G03XC01
VA class: HS900
Chemical name: 6-Hydroxy-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thien-3-yl-p-(2-piperidinoethoxy)phenyl ketone hydrochloride
Molecular formula: C28H27NO4S•ClH
CAS number: 82640-04-8

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Oct 25, 2023. Written by ASHP.

Warning

  • Increased risk for DVT and pulmonary embolism.1 Contraindicated in women with active or past episodes of venous thrombosis.1 (See Contraindications and Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions.)

  • Increased risk of fatal stroke reported in women with CHD or increased risk for CHD.1 Weigh risks versus benefits in women at risk for stroke.1 (See Cardiovascular Effects under Cautions.)

Introduction

Estrogen agonist-antagonist; a nonsteroidal benzothiophene derivative.1 2 3 13 14 15 16 17 55 69 70

Uses for Raloxifene

Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

Prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 17 23 55 69 108 Risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis and related fractures include early menopause, advanced age, low bone mineral density (BMD), low body mass index (BMI), previous fracture or family history of fracture/osteoporosis, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, inadequate physical activity, low calcium and vitamin D intake, certain drugs (e.g., glucocorticoids), and medical conditions or diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, Cushing syndrome, hyperparathyroidism).105 106

Treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.1 53 69 98 99 108

In addition to adequate intake of calcium/vitamin D and other lifestyle modifications (e.g., exercise, avoidance of excessive alcohol and tobacco use), experts recommend that pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis be considered in postmenopausal women with high risk of fractures (generally those who have experienced a previous hip or vertebral fracture or who have low BMD); pharmacologic therapy also may be considered in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, although there is less evidence supporting overall fracture risk reduction in such patients.105 106

Use of a drug with proven antifracture efficacy is recommended; experts generally recommend raloxifene as a second- or third-line agent after other therapies (e.g., bisphosphonates) have been attempted.105 106

Individualize choice of therapy based on potential benefits (with respect to fracture risk reduction) and adverse effects of therapy, patient preferences, comorbidities, and risk factors.105 106

Use supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D concomitantly if daily dietary intake is considered inadequate.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 17 23 55 69 108

Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis

Has been used for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis† [off-label].622

American College of Rheumatology (ACR) recommends optimizing calcium and vitamin D intake and lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, smoking cessation, weight-bearing or resistance-training exercise) in all patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy; in addition, pharmacologic therapy with an oral bisphosphonate is recommended in patients at moderate-to-high risk of fracture.622 Oral bisphosphonates are preferred because of their demonstrated antifracture benefits, safety, and cost; experts state raloxifene may be used in postmenopausal women if no other therapy is available.622

Breast Cancer

Reduction in the incidence of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.1 93 100 114

Reduction in the incidence of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at high risk for developing the disease.1 109 113 117 118 Long-term follow-up (approximately 7 years) demonstrated reduced efficacy compared with tamoxifen in reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer (STAR trial).1 109 113 120 121 123 Effect on breast cancer incidence in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations not established.1

Not studied in women with a history of exposure to thoracic radiation, which is considered a possible risk factor for breast cancer.118

Not indicated for the treatment of breast cancer or to reduce the risk of recurrence of breast cancer.1 Not indicated for reduction in the risk of noninvasive breast cancer.1

Raloxifene Dosage and Administration

Administration

Oral Administration

Administer orally once daily without regard to meals or time of day.1 2 55

Dosage

Available as raloxifene hydrochloride; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.1

Adults

Osteoporosis
Prevention in Postmenopausal Women
Oral

60 mg daily.1 2 55

Treatment in Postmenopausal Women
Oral

60 mg daily.1 98

Breast Cancer
Reduction in the Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer
Oral

60 mg daily.1 Optimum duration of therapy unknown.1 ASCO recommends a treatment duration of 5 years.117 122 If a patient is receiving raloxifene as treatment for osteoporosis, for which breast cancer reduction is a secondary goal, ASCO suggests that treatment duration may be extended beyond 5 years.117 122

Detailed Raloxifene dosage information

Cautions for Raloxifene

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Cardiovascular Effects

Increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (e.g., DVT, pulmonary embolism).1 55 69 72

Discontinue raloxifene ≥72 hours before and during prolonged immobilization (e.g., postsurgery recovery, prolonged bed rest); resume therapy once patient is fully ambulatory.1 52

Assess potential benefit versus risk in women at risk of thromboembolic disease secondary to CHF, superficial thrombophlebitis, or active malignancy.1 2

Increased risk for fatal stroke reported in women with CHD or increased risk for CHD (RUTH study).1 115 Assess potential benefit versus risk in women at risk of stroke secondary to history of stroke or TIA, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, or cigarette smoking.1

Not indicated for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.1

Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality

May cause fetal harm.1 58 59 60 61 62 63 Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects demonstrated in animals.1 60 61 Not indicated for use in women of childbearing potential.1 If inadvertently used during pregnancy or if patient becomes pregnant, apprise of potential fetal hazard.57 96 (See Contraindications.)

General Precautions

Use in Premenopausal Women

Not indicated.1 Safety not established.1

Effects on Lipids

Potential for increased serum triglyceride concentrations in women with a history of substantial hypertriglyceridemia during oral estrogen therapy; monitor serum triglycerides in these women.1

Effects on the Breast

Not studied in women with a history of breast cancer.1

Investigate unexplained breast abnormality.1 Does not eliminate risk of breast cancer.1

Use in Men

Safety and efficacy not evaluated.1

GU Effects

Not associated with endometrial proliferation.1 Investigate unexplained uterine bleeding.1

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

May cause fetal harm.1 58 59 60 61 62 63 Not indicated for use in women of childbearing potential.1 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality and also Contraindications under Cautions.)

Lactation

Not known whether raloxifene distributes into human milk or affects milk production or the nursing infant; however, because the drug is an estrogen agonist-antagonist, estrogenic effects on mammary tissue may be affected.1

Pediatric Use

Not indicated.1

Geriatric Use

No substantial differences in safety, efficacy, or pharmacokinetic profile relative to younger adults.1

Hepatic Impairment

Use with caution; safety and efficacy not established in patients with hepatic impairment.1 (See Special Populations under Pharmacokinetics.)

Renal Impairment

Use with caution in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment; safety and efficacy not established in these patients.1 (See Special Populations under Pharmacokinetics.)

Common Adverse Effects

Hot flushes (flashes), leg cramps, peripheral edema, flu-like syndrome, arthralgia, sweating.1 2 23 69 72 88 93 96 98

Drug Interactions

Metabolism apparently not mediated by CYP isoenzymes.1

Protein-bound Drugs

Concomitant administration with other highly protein-bound drugs not expected to affect plasma raloxifene concentrations.1 Caution advised if used concomitantly with other highly protein-bound drugs.1

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Amoxicillin and ampicillin

Ampicillin: Decreased peak plasma raloxifene concentrations; no change in systemic exposure to raloxifene1

Amoxicillin: No change in raloxifene concentrations1

Can be administered concomitantly1

Anion-exchange resins (cholestyramine)

Decreased absorption and enterohepatic cycling of raloxifene with concomitant cholestyramine administration; similar interaction expected with other anion-exchange resins1

Concomitant administration with cholestyramine not recommended1 52

Antacids (aluminum- and magnesium-containing, calcium carbonate)

No change in systemic exposure of raloxifene1

Can be administered concomitantly1

Anticoagulants, oral

Decreased warfarin effects; no effect on warfarin pharmacokinetics observed1

Monitor PT carefully1

Antilipemic agents

Concomitant use not specifically studied1

Diazepam

Potential for altered protein binding of diazepam1

Caution advised1

Diazoxide

Potential for altered protein binding of diazoxide1

Caution advised1

Digoxin

No change in digoxin pharmacokinetics1

Can be administered concomitantly1

Estrogens

Not studied1

Concomitant use not recommended1

Gemfibrozil

No substantial change in plasma raloxifene concentrations1

Lidocaine

Potential for altered protein binding of lidocaine1

Caution advised1

Methylprednisolone

No change in methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics1

Can be administered concomitantly with corticosteroids1

Phenytoin

No change in protein binding of phenytoin1
Raloxifene drug interactions (more detail)

Raloxifene Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Rapidly absorbed from GI tract; 60% of an oral dose is absorbed, but absolute bioavailability as unchanged drug is only 2% because of extensive first-pass glucuronidation.1 27 33 34 35 45 69

Following oral administration, peak plasma concentrations achieved at 6 hours (raloxifene) and 1 hour (glucuronide conjugates).33 35

Food

High-fat meal increases peak plasma concentration and extent of absorption of raloxifene, but does not substantially affect systemic exposure.1

Special Populations

Plasma raloxifene concentrations are 150% higher in patients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class A) and total serum bilirubin concentrations of 0.6–2 mg/dL than in individuals with normal hepatic function.1 Pharmacokinetics not studied in individuals with moderate or severe hepatic impairment.1

Plasma raloxifene concentrations in those with mild renal impairment are similar to values in women with normal renal function.1 96 AUC of raloxifene is 122% higher in individuals with moderate renal impairment (Clcr 31–50 mL/minute) or severe renal impairment (Clcr ≤30 mL/minute) than in individuals with normal renal function.1

Distribution

Plasma Protein Binding

Raloxifene and its monoglucuronide conjugates: >95%.1 69 96 Raloxifene binds to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein but not to testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (sex hormone binding globulin).1

Elimination

Metabolism

Undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to glucuronide conjugates.1 27 33 34 35 36 55 Does not appear to be metabolized by CYP isoenzymes.1 Conjugates converted back to the parent drug in various tissues.1 27

Elimination Route

Excreted principally in feces as unabsorbed drug and via biliary elimination as glucuronide conjugates (subsequently metabolized by bacteria in GI tract to the parent drug).1 45 55 69 96

Half-life

32.5 hours.1 55

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets

20–25°C.1

Actions

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Raloxifene Hydrochloride

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Oral

Tablets, film-coated

60 mg*

Evista

Lilly

Raloxifene Hydrochloride Tablets

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions November 4, 2019. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

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