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Gallbladder and bile duct cancer

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on May 20, 2024.

What is Gallbladder and bile duct cancer?

Harvard Health Publishing

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped pouch that lies beneath the liver, in the upper abdomen. It stores bile. This fluid, produced by the liver, helps digest fat. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine through the bile duct. This thin tube connects the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Cancer develops when abnormal cells in these structures multiply and grow rapidly.

Gallbladder and bile duct cancer

Most gallbladder and bile duct cancers are adenocarcinomas—cancers of cells that line the glands and ducts. Bile duct adenocarcinoma forms from the mucus glands that line the duct. It can develop in any part of the bile duct.

Gallbladder and bile duct cancers are rare. Gallbladder cancer is more common in women than in men. People with gallstones have a slightly higher risk of developing gallbladder and bile duct cancer. These cancers also have been linked to infections with the liver fluke parasite. They have also been tied to sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis, and cirrhosis. These diseases can cause inflammation and scarring of the bile duct, colon, or liver.

Symptoms

Early on, gallbladder and bile duct cancers may cause no symptoms. Nor can they be seen or felt during a routine physical exam. Rather, many of them are found when the gallbladder is removed as a treatment for gallstones. There are no screening tests for these cancers.

When symptoms occur, they can include

Jaundice is the most common symptom of bile duct cancer, and nearly half of all people with gallbladder cancer have jaundice when they are diagnosed. Jaundice makes the skin and the whites of the eyes look yellow. This happens when the liver cannot get rid of bile. Levels of bilirubin (a dark yellow chemical in bile) then rise in the bloodstream.

Although many people with gallbladder and bile duct cancers have jaundice, the most common causes of jaundice are hepatitis and cirrhosis, not cancer. Having a gallstone lodged in the bile duct can also cause jaundice; it can prevent bile from flowing into the small intestine. This is a noncancerous condition.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your medical history and examine you, focusing on your abdomen. He or she will check for masses, tender spots, fluid build-up, and enlarged organs. In addition, your doctor will check your skin and eyes for jaundice and feel lymph nodes for swelling.

Next, you will have blood tests. These tests can measure the levels of liver and gallbladder enzymes, and of bilirubin. Too much bilirubin in the blood may mean that your bile duct is blocked or that you have gallbladder or liver problems. An elevated level of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase also can point to a blocked bile duct or gallbladder disease. A substance called CA 19-9 may be elevated in people with bile duct cancer.

But blood tests cannot determine why levels of these substances are elevated. To do that, your doctor may order one or more of these tests:

Expected Duration

Gallbladder and bile duct cancers will continue to grow unless treated.

Prevention

There is no way to prevent gallbladder or bile duct cancers. However, you can lower your risk of gallbladder cancer by maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding tobacco.

Preventing and treating liver fluke infections may help to reduce the risk of bile duct cancer. To do this,

Preventing hepatitis may also reduce the risk of bile duct cancer. To do this

If you have been exposed to someone with hepatitis A or B, talk to your doctor about getting the vaccine or an immunoglobulin shot as soon as possible.

If you have an inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis, you have an increased risk of gallbladder and bile duct cancers. Your doctor may evaluate you for these cancers during routine exams.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on

Gallbladder and bile duct cancers are rare. So, if possible, get a second opinion before deciding on a treatment and seek treatment at a medical center with a staff that is expert in treating your type of cancer.

Surgery is the main treatment for gallbladder and bile duct cancers. Surgery is the only possible way to cure the disease, but opinions vary as to how advanced a gallbladder or bile duct cancer can be and still be curable. Because there usually are no symptoms early on, these cancers are often fairly advanced when they are discovered.

Surgery for gallbladder and bile duct cancer is difficult for both doctors and patients. Unless there is clear evidence that the procedure is likely to significantly extend your life or improve your quality of life, it may not be the best option.

Even if surgery can result in a cure, it often can help to relieve pain and prevent complications. This type of "palliative surgery" includes a biliary bypass. This procedure restores the flow of bile. The surgeon can insert a biliary stent or catheter (tube) to release bile into the small intestine or externally. Biliary stents also can be placed without surgery. A doctor can guide an endoscope from your mouth into your stomach and small intestine, where the bile duct opening can be reached.

Radiation therapy also can be used to treat gallbladder and bile duct cancers. There are two types of radiation therapy:

Radiation may be used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. If the cancer cannot be removed completely, radiation may be the primary treatment. However, radiation therapy cannot cure these cancers.

For advanced cases, radiation also may be used as palliative therapy. That means the goal is not to cure the cancer, but to reduce pain or other symptoms by shrinking the tumor.

If you have bile duct cancer, your doctor might also recommend chemotherapy. Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs—taken by mouth or injected into a vein—to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can help shrink a bile duct tumor before surgery. It can also help control symptoms when surgery is not recommended or the tumor has advanced despite other treatments.

Gallbladder cancer does not respond very well to chemotherapy.

In advanced stages of gallbladder cancer, treatment response can sometimes be assessed with tumor markers. Blood tests for CA 19-9 and CEA can be done prior to starting treatment. If one or both levels are high and decrease after cancer therapy, this usually indicates shrinking of the cancer.

When To Call a Professional

You should see your doctor if you have

All of these symptoms can be related to noncancerous diseases. But you should visit your doctor so that your condition can be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible.

Prognosis

The outlook depends on your general health, how far the cancer has spread, and the type of treatment. In the earlier stages of gallbladder and bile duct cancer, when surgery can be done, many patients survive at least five years. When the tumor is advanced and surgery is not possible, the five-year survival rate is much lower. Unfortunately, this is when many gallbladder and bile duct cancers are diagnosed.

Additional Information

American Cancer Society (ACS)
https://www.cancer.org/

National Cancer Institute (NCI)
https://www.nci.nih.gov/


Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.