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Secukinumab (Monograph)

Brand name: Cosentyx
Drug class: Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Chemical name: Anti-(human interleukin-17A (IL-17, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 8)) immunoglobulin G1; human monoclonal AIN457 γ1 heavy chain (230-215′)-disulfide with human monoclonal AIN457 κ light chain dimer (236-236″:239-239″)-bisdisulfide
Molecular formula: C6584H10134N1754O2042S44
CAS number: 1229022-83-6

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on May 13, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

Recombinant human IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to interleukin-17A (IL-17A).1 2 3 4 7 8 10

Uses for Secukinumab

Plaque Psoriasis

Management of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults and pediatric patients ≥6 years of age who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy.1 2 3 7 8 20

Adult guidelines generally support the use of IL-17 inhibitors as monotherapy for treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis.2007

Pediatric guidelines have not yet incorporated recommendations for use of IL-17 blocking agents for the treatment of pediatric plaque psoriasis.2010

Recommendations for use and selection of psoriasis therapies vary based on patient age, disease characteristics (e.g., severity, location, presence of psoriatic arthritis), and comorbidities (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Psoriatic Arthritis

Management of active psoriatic arthritis in adults.1 37 38 39

Disease-modifying treatments for psoriatic arthritis include oral small molecules (OSMs; e.g., methotrexate, sulfasalazine, cyclosporine, leflunomide, apremilast), biologic DMARDs (e.g., TNF blocking agents, secukinumab, ixekizumab, ustekinumab, brodalumab, abatacept), and/or targeted synthetic DMARDs (e.g., tofacitinib).2005

Guidelines generally support the use of IL-17 blocking agents, including secukinumab, as second-line therapy after TNF inhibitors for treatment of psoriatic arthritis.2005

Recommendations for the use and selection of disease-modifying therapies in psoriatic arthritis vary based on the presence of certain disease characteristics (e.g., psoriatic spondylitis/axial disease, enthesitis) and comorbidities (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes).2005

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Management of active ankylosing spondylitis in adults.1 47 48

Treatments for ankylosing spondylitis include NSAIAs, conventional DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate, sulfasalazine), biologic DMARDs (e.g., TNF blocking agents, secukinumab, ixekizumab), and/or targeted synthetic DMARDs (e.g., tofacitinib).2004

Guidelines generally support the use of IL-17 inhibitors, including secukinumab, as second-line therapy after TNF blocking agents for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in patients with active disease despite treatment with NSAIAs.2004

Recommendations for treatment selection in ankylosing spondylitis vary based on the presence of certain comorbidities (e.g., iritis, inflammatory bowel disease).2004

Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis

Management of active nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis in adults with objective signs of inflammation.1 54

Recommendations for the treatment of nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis are largely extrapolated from evidence in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.2004 Guidelines generally support the use of IL-17 inhibitors, including secukinumab, as second-line therapy after TNF blocking agents in patients with active disease despite treatment with NSAIAs.2004

Secukinumab Dosage and Administration

General

Pretreatment Screening

Patient Monitoring

Other General Considerations

Administration

Administer by sub-Q injection; IV use not recommended by manufacturer.1

Sub-Q Administration

Available as injection pen, prefilled syringe, and lyophilized drug in vial.1 Lyophilized drug intended for institutional use only.1

Administer by sub-Q injection into the upper arms, thighs, or any quadrant of the abdomen; do not make abdominal injections within 2 inches of the navel.1 Rotate injection sites.1 Do not make injections into areas where the skin is tender, bruised, erythematous, indurated, or affected by psoriasis.1

Intended for use under the guidance and supervision of a clinician, but may be self-administered if clinician determines the patient and/or their caregiver is competent to safely administer the drug after appropriate training.1 Pediatric patients are not eligible for self-administration; however, an adult caregiver can administer to pediatric patients after proper training.1

Use of injection pen may result in higher trough concentrations.1 10

Use of Injection Pen or Prefilled Syringe

Remove injection pen or prefilled syringe from refrigerator and allow to sit at room temperature in the unopened carton for 15–30 minutes prior to injection.1 Do not remove needle cap while pen or prefilled syringe is warming to room temperature.1 Administer within 1 hour after removal from refrigerator.1

Do not shake the solution.1

Discard any unused portions of solution.1

Reconstitution of Lyophilized Secukinumab

Reconstitution of secukinumab lyophilized powder must proceed without interruption.1 Preparation time from vial puncture until end of reconstitution on average is 20 minutes; do not exceed 90 minutes.1

Remove the appropriate number of vials containing secukinumab lyophilized powder from refrigerator and allow drug to sit for 15–30 minutes to reach room temperature prior to reconstitution.1

Reconstitute drug by slowly adding 1 mL of sterile water for injection (also at room temperature) to a vial containing 150 mg of secukinumab to provide a solution containing 150 mg/mL; direct stream of diluent onto the lyophilized powder.1

Tilt vial at an angle of approximately 45 degrees and gently rotate between the fingertips for approximately 1 minute; do not shake or invert vial.1 Allow vial to sit for approximately 10 minutes at room temperature to allow for dissolution; foaming may occur.1

Tilt vial again at an angle of approximately 45 degrees and gently rotate between the fingertips for approximately 1 minute; do not shake or invert vial.1 Allow vial to sit undisturbed for approximately 5 minutes at room temperature.1

Administer solution immediately following reconstitution or refrigerate for up to 24 hours.1 If stored in refrigerator, allow solution to sit for 15–30 minutes to reach room temperature prior to administration; administer within 1 hour following removal from refrigerator.1

Do not invert vial when withdrawing solution for administration.1

Discard any unused portions of solution.1

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

Plaque Psoriasis
Sub-Q

Pediatric patients ≥6 years of age weighing <50 kg: 75 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 75 mg once every 4 weeks.1

Pediatric patients ≥6 years of age weighing ≥50 kg: 150 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 150 mg once every 4 weeks.1

Adults

Plaque Psoriasis
Sub-Q

300 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 300 mg every 4 weeks.1 Doses of 150 mg may be acceptable for some patients (e.g., those with lower body weight and less severe disease).1

Psoriatic Arthritis
Sub-Q

With a loading dose: 150 mg administered at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 150 mg every 4 weeks.1

Without a loading dose: 150 mg administered once every 4 weeks.1

In psoriatic arthritis patients with coexisting moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, use dosage recommendations for plaque psoriasis in adults.1 (See Plaque Psoriasis under Dosage and Administration.)

Ankylosing Spondylitis
Sub-Q

With a loading dose: 150 mg administered at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 150 mg every 4 weeks.1

Without a loading dose: 150 mg administered once every 4 weeks.1

If the patient continues to have active ankylosing spondylitis, consider a dosage of 300 mg every 4 weeks.1

Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis
Sub-Q

With a loading dose: 150 mg administered at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 150 mg every 4 weeks.1

Without a loading dose: 150 mg administered once every 4 weeks.1

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Manufacturer makes no specific dosage recommendations.1

Renal Impairment

Manufacturer makes no specific dosage recommendations.1

Geriatric Patients

Manufacturer makes no specific dosage recommendations.1

Detailed Secukinumab dosage information

Cautions for Secukinumab

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Sensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Anaphylaxis and urticaria reported.1 (See Contraindications under Cautions.) If an anaphylactic or other serious allergic reaction occurs, discontinue drug immediately and administer appropriate supportive treatment.1

Latex Sensitivity

Some packaging components (i.e., removable cap) of injection pen and prefilled syringe contain natural rubber latex and should not be handled by individuals sensitive to latex.1 14 15 16

Some individuals may be hypersensitive to natural latex proteins;14 15 16 rarely, hypersensitivity reactions to natural latex proteins have been fatal.15 16

Manufacturer states safety of using secukinumab injection pen or prefilled syringe in latex-sensitive individuals not established.1

Infectious Complications

Increased risk of infections.1 Higher rates of common infections (e.g., nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, mucocutaneous candidiasis) observed in patients receiving secukinumab compared with those receiving placebo.1 Serious and some fatal infections also reported.1 Incidence of some types of infections appeared to be dose dependent.1

Secukinumab-associated neutropenia, generally transient and reversible, reported; no serious neutropenia-associated infections reported in the controlled portion of clinical trials.1 Some cases of serious infections were associated with neutropenia in open-label extensions of clinical trials, but a causal relationship was not established.1

Exercise caution when considering use in patients with chronic or recurrent infections.1

If a serious infection develops, monitor patient closely and discontinue drug until infection resolves.1

Evaluate patients for tuberculosis before initiating secukinumab.1 Do not administer to patients with active tuberculosis infection.1 When indicated, initiate appropriate antimycobacterial regimen for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection before initiating secukinumab.1 Also consider antimycobacterial therapy for patients with a history of latent or active tuberculosis in whom an adequate course of antimycobacterial treatment cannot be confirmed.1 Closely monitor patients for active tuberculosis during and after secukinumab treatment.1

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Use with caution and close monitoring in patients with coexisting inflammatory bowel disease.1 Exacerbations of such disease reported, some of which were serious.1 19 Cases of new-onset inflammatory bowel disease also reported.1

Immunization

Consider administering all age-appropriate vaccines recommended by current immunization guidelines before initiating secukinumab.1

Avoid live vaccines during therapy.1 Patients may receive inactivated vaccines.1

Immunogenicity

Formation of antisecukinumab antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies, reported; neutralizing antibodies were not associated with loss of efficacy.1

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in monkeys revealed no evidence of adverse developmental effects on fetuses or neonatal offspring.1 Data regarding secukinumab use in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk.1

Lactation

Not known whether secukinumab is distributed into human milk or absorbed systemically after ingestion.1 Use caution.1

Potential effects on milk production or on breast-fed infants are unknown.1 Consider benefits of breast-feeding and the importance of secukinumab to the woman as well as potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from the drug or underlying maternal condition.1

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients <6 years of age for plaque psoriasis and in pediatric patients <18 years of age for all other indications.1

Geriatric Use

No apparent differences in safety or efficacy between geriatric patients and younger adults with plaque psoriasis; however, insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether they respond differently than younger adults.1

Hepatic Impairment

No formal pharmacokinetic studies to date.1

Renal Impairment

No formal pharmacokinetic studies to date.1

Common Adverse Effects

Adverse effects reported in ≥1% of patients receiving secukinumab include nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, and upper respiratory tract infection.1

Drug Interactions

Drugs Metabolized by Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Manufacturer states role of IL-17A in the regulation of CYP isoenzymes not elucidated.1 Because elevated levels of certain cytokines during chronic inflammation may alter formation of CYP isoenzymes, antagonism of IL-17A activity by secukinumab could normalize formation of CYP enzymes.1

CYP substrates: Upon initiation or discontinuance of secukinumab, consider monitoring for therapeutic effect or drug concentration and consider dosage adjustment of the CYP substrate, especially if substrate has a narrow therapeutic index.1

Vaccines

Inactivated vaccines: Patients may receive inactivated vaccines.1

Live vaccines: Avoid live vaccines.1

Specific Drugs

Drug

Interaction

Comments

Influenza virus vaccine inactivated (non-US preparation)

Single secukinumab dose given 2 weeks before immunization in healthy individuals did not alter immune response to vaccine;1 17 vaccine effectiveness in patients receiving secukinumab therapy not established1

May be used concomitantly1

Meningococcal (group C) oligosaccharide diphtheria CRM197 conjugate vaccine (not commercially available in US)

Single secukinumab dose given 2 weeks before immunization in healthy individuals did not alter immune response to vaccine;1 17 vaccine effectiveness in patients receiving secukinumab therapy not established1

May be used concomitantly1
Secukinumab drug interactions (more detail)

Secukinumab Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Bioavailability is 55–77% following sub-Q administration.1

Peak serum concentrations achieved by approximately 6 days following sub-Q administration of secukinumab 150 or 300 mg.1

Steady-state concentrations achieved by week 24 following sub-Q administration of secukinumab every 4 weeks.1

Cross-study comparisons suggest that administration by injection pen may result in higher trough concentrations (23–26% higher compared with prefilled syringe or 23–30% higher compared with sub-Q injection of reconstituted powder).1 10

Concentrations in interstitial fluid in lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with plaque psoriasis were 27–40% of those in serum at 1 and 2 weeks after a single 300-mg sub-Q dose.1

Pharmacokinetics are dose proportional over a sub-Q dose range of 25–300 mg.1

Special Populations

Serum concentrations higher in patients with lower body weight than in those with higher body weight.10

Distribution

Extent

Not known whether distributed into human milk.1

Special Populations

Volume of distribution increases as body weight increases.1

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolic pathway not characterized.1

Expected to be degraded into small peptides and amino acids via catabolic pathways in the same manner as endogenous IgG.1

Half-life

22–31 days.1

Special Populations

Pharmacokinetics not formally studied in renal or hepatic impairment.1

Population analysis suggests age does not substantially affect clearance in adults with plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.1 Clearance appears to be similar in patients ≥65 years of age and younger adults.1

Clearance increases as body weight increases.1

Stability

Storage

Parenteral

Injection

Injection pen or prefilled syringe: 2–8°C.1 Keep in original carton and protect from light.1 Do not freeze.1 May store at room temperature (not to exceed 30°C) for up to 4 days; discard if stored outside of refrigeration for more than 4 days.1

Powder for Injection

2–8°C.1 Keep in original carton and protect from light.1 Do not freeze.1

Reconstituted solution: 2–8°C for up to 24 hours.1 Do not freeze.1

Actions

Advice to Patients

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

Secukinumab

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Parenteral

Injection, for subcutaneous use

150 mg/mL

Cosentyx (available as single-use prefilled syringes and single-use pens)

Novartis

75 mg/0.5 mL

Cosentyx (available as single-use prefilled syringes)

Novartis

For injection, for subcutaneous use

150 mg

Cosentyx

Novartis

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions May 23, 2022. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

References

1. Novartis Pharmaceuticals. Cosentyx (secukinumab) injection prescribing information. East Hanover, NJ; 2015 Jan.

2. Langley RG, Elewski BE, Lebwohl M et al. Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis--results of two phase 3 trials. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:326-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25007392?dopt=AbstractPlus

3. Ohtsuki M, Morita A, Abe M et al. Secukinumab efficacy and safety in Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: subanalysis from ERASURE, a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. J Dermatol. 2014; 41:1039-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25354738?dopt=AbstractPlus

4. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Application number125504Orig1s000: Summary Review. From FDA website. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2015/125504Orig1s000SumR.pdf

5. Langley RG, Feldman SR, Nyirady J et al. The 5-point Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) Scale: A modified tool for evaluating plaque psoriasis severity in clinical trials. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013; :. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24354461?dopt=AbstractPlus

6. Feldman SR, Krueger GG. Psoriasis assessment tools in clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64 Suppl 2:ii65-8; discussion ii69-73.

7. Blauvelt A, Prinz JC, Gottlieb AB et al. Secukinumab administration by pre-filled syringe: efficacy, safety and usability results from a randomized controlled trial in psoriasis (FEATURE). Br J Dermatol. 2015; 172:484-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25132411?dopt=AbstractPlus

8. Paul C, Lacour JP, Tedremets L et al. Efficacy, safety and usability of secukinumab administration by autoinjector/pen in psoriasis: a randomized, controlled trial (JUNCTURE). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; :. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243910?dopt=AbstractPlus

9. Lebwohl M, Swensen AR, Nyirady J et al. The Psoriasis Symptom Diary: development and content validity of a novel patient-reported outcome instrument. Int J Dermatol. 2014; 53:714-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23557000?dopt=AbstractPlus

10. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Application number125504Orig1s000: Clinical pharmacology and biopharmaceutics review(s). From FDA website. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2015/125504Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf

11. US Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Application number125504Orig1s000: Pharmacology review(s). From FDA website. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2015/125504Orig1s000PharmR.pdf

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14. Food and Drug Administration. Amended economic impact analysis of final rule requiring use of labeling on natural rubber containing devices. 21 CFR Part 801. Final rule. (Docket No. 96N-0119) Fed Regist. 1998; 63:50660-704.

15. Food and Drug Administration. Latex-containing devices; user labeling. 21 CFR Part 801. Proposed rule. (Docket No. 96N-0119) Fed Regist. 1996; 61:32617-21.

16. Food and Drug Administration. Natural rubber-containing medical devices; user labeling. 21 CFR Part 801. Final rule. (Docket No. 96N-0119) Fed Regist. 1997; 62:51021-30.

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21. Lacour JP, Paul C, Jazayeri S et al. Secukinumab administration by autoinjector maintains reduction of plaque psoriasis severity over 52 weeks: results of the randomized controlled JUNCTURE trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31:847-856. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28111801?dopt=AbstractPlus

22. Strober B, Sigurgeirsson B, Popp G et al. Secukinumab improves patient-reported psoriasis symptoms of itching, pain, and scaling: results of two phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Dermatol. 2016; 55:401-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26866518?dopt=AbstractPlus

24. Bagel J, Duffin KC, Moore A et al. The effect of secukinumab on moderate-to-severe scalp psoriasis: Results of a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3b study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017; 77:667-674. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28780364?dopt=AbstractPlus

25. Gottlieb A, Sullivan J, van Doorn M et al. Secukinumab shows significant efficacy in palmoplantar psoriasis: Results from GESTURE, a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017; 76:70-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27707593?dopt=AbstractPlus

26. Gottlieb AB, Kubanov A, van Doorn M et al. Sustained efficacy of secukinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe palmoplantar psoriasis: 2•5-year results from GESTURE, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2020; 182:889-899. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31286480?dopt=AbstractPlus

27. Reich K, Sullivan J, Arenberger P et al. Effect of secukinumab on the clinical activity and disease burden of nail psoriasis: 32-week results from the randomized placebo-controlled TRANSFIGURE trial. Br J Dermatol. 2019; 181:954-966. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30367462?dopt=AbstractPlus

28. Reich K, Sullivan J, Arenberger P et al. Secukinumab shows high and sustained efficacy in nail psoriasis: 2.5-year results from the randomized placebo-controlled TRANSFIGURE study. Br J Dermatol. 2021; 184:425-436. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32479641?dopt=AbstractPlus

29. Thaçi D, Blauvelt A, Reich K et al. Secukinumab is superior to ustekinumab in clearing skin of subjects with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: CLEAR, a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015; 73:400-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26092291?dopt=AbstractPlus

30. Bagel J, Nia J, Hashim PW et al. Secukinumab is Superior to Ustekinumab in Clearing Skin in Patients with Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis (16-Week CLARITY Results). Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2018; 8:571-579. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6261116&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30334147?dopt=AbstractPlus

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32. Bagel J, Blauvelt A, Nia J et al. Secukinumab maintains superiority over ustekinumab in clearing skin and improving quality of life in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: 52-week results from a double-blind phase 3b trial (CLARITY). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35:135-142. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7818402&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32365251?dopt=AbstractPlus

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34. Reich K, Armstrong AW, Langley RG et al. Guselkumab versus secukinumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis (ECLIPSE): results from a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019; 394:831-839. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31402114?dopt=AbstractPlus

35. Warren RB, Blauvelt A, Poulin Y et al. Efficacy and safety of risankizumab vs. secukinumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (IMMerge): results from a phase III, randomized, open-label, efficacy-assessor-blinded clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 2021; 184:50-59. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7983954&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32594522?dopt=AbstractPlus

36. Bodemer C, Kaszuba A, Kingo K et al. Secukinumab demonstrates high efficacy and a favourable safety profile in paediatric patients with severe chronic plaque psoriasis: 52-week results from a Phase 3 double-blind randomized, controlled trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35:938-947. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC7986088&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33068444?dopt=AbstractPlus

37. Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Kirkham B et al. Secukinumab Inhibition of Interleukin-17A in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373:1329-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422723?dopt=AbstractPlus

38. McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Kirkham B et al. Secukinumab, a human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriatic arthritis (FUTURE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015; 386:1137-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26135703?dopt=AbstractPlus

39. Mease P, van der Heijde D, Landewé R et al. Secukinumab improves active psoriatic arthritis symptoms and inhibits radiographic progression: primary results from the randomised, double-blind, phase III FUTURE 5 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018; 77:890-897. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5965348&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29550766?dopt=AbstractPlus

40. Mease PJ, Antoni CE, Gladman DD et al. Psoriatic arthritis assessment tools in clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005; 64 Suppl 2:ii49-54. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC1766888&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708937?dopt=AbstractPlus

41. Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, Reimold AM et al. Secukinumab for Long-Term Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis: A Two-Year Followup From a Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017; 69:347-355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27696786?dopt=AbstractPlus

42. McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Ritchlin CT et al. Secukinumab sustains improvement in signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis: 2 year results from the phase 3 FUTURE 2 study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017; 56:1993-2003. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC5850284&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968735?dopt=AbstractPlus

43. Mease PJ, Landewé R, Rahman P et al. Secukinumab provides sustained improvement in signs and symptoms and low radiographic progression in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 2-year (end-of-study) results from the FUTURE 5 study. RMD Open. 2021; 7 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC8327842&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34330846?dopt=AbstractPlus

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