Cisplatin (Monograph)

Brand name: Platinol-AQ
Drug class: Antineoplastic Agents
- Platinum-containing Agents
VA class: AN900
Chemical name: (SP-4-2)-Diamminedichloroplatinum
Molecular formula: Cl₂H₆N₂Pt
CAS number: 15663-27-1

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jul 17, 2023. Written by ASHP.

Warning

Use under supervision of a qualified clinician experienced in therapy with antineoplastic agents.¹ Use only when adequate treatment facilities for appropriate management of therapy and complications are available.¹

Risk of dose-related toxicities, including myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, and cumulative, severe renal toxicity.¹ Dosages >100 mg/m²/cycle once every 3–4 weeks rarely used.¹

Risk of ototoxicity; more pronounced in children.¹ Manifestations include tinnitus, loss of high frequency hearing, decreased hearing acuity, and, occasionally, deafness.¹ ²⁷⁶ ²⁸⁷ ²⁸⁸ ²⁸⁹ ²⁹⁰ ²⁹¹ ²⁹² ³⁵⁸

Risk of anaphylactoid reactions (e.g., facial edema, bronchoconstriction, wheezing, tachycardia, hypotension); may occur within minutes following administration.¹ (See Anaphylactoid Reactions under Cautions.) IV epinephrine, corticosteroids, and antihistamines have been effectively employed to alleviate symptoms.¹

Avoid accidental, potentially fatal, overdosage due to confusion with carboplatin (Paraplatin)¹ ⁴¹⁹ ⁴²⁰ ⁴²¹ ⁴²² or due to failure to differentiate daily dosages from total dosage per cycle.¹ Cisplatin dosages >100 mg/m²/cycle once every 3–4 weeks rarely used.¹

Introduction

Antineoplastic agent; platinum-containing compound.¹ ⁷ ¹³

Uses for Cisplatin

Testicular Cancer

Adjunct to other antineoplastic agents for the treatment of metastatic testicular tumors (including nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma, seminoma testis, and extragonadal germ-cell tumors) in patients who have already received appropriate surgery and/or radiation therapy.¹ ⁶³ ⁴⁰³

For induction of remissions, a regimen of cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine (with or without other antineoplastic agents) has been used.⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ ⁷² ⁷³ ⁷⁴ ⁷⁵ ⁷⁶ ⁷⁷ ⁷⁸ ⁴⁰³

For treatment of disseminated disease, a regimen of cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide has been used.⁶³ ³³⁵ ⁴⁰³ ⁴⁰⁶ ⁴⁰⁷ ⁴⁰⁸ ⁴⁰⁹ ⁴¹⁰ ⁴¹¹ ⁴¹²

Regimen consisting of cisplatin, ifosfamide with mesna, and either vinblastine or etoposide considered standard initial salvage (i.e., second-line) regimen in patients with recurrent disease.⁶³ ⁴⁰³ ⁵⁰⁷

Ovarian Cancer

Used alone or in combination therapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer.¹ ⁵⁰⁹

Platinum-based therapy has been used for adjuvant treatment following surgery in early-stage ovarian epithelial cancer^{† [off-label]}.⁵⁰⁹

For initial (first-line) treatment of advanced ovarian epithelial cancer, combination chemotherapy with a platinum-containing agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin) and paclitaxel currently is preferred regimen.⁶³ ⁵⁰⁹ Carboplatin is as effective as but less toxic than cisplatin when used in combination with either paclitaxel⁷⁵⁷ ⁷⁵⁸ or cyclophosphamide; ⁵²¹ ⁵²² therefore, carboplatin in combination with paclitaxel currently is a preferred regimen for initial treatment of advanced ovarian epithelial cancer.⁶³ ⁵⁰⁹ Regimen consisting of cisplatin and paclitaxel is superior to regimen consisting of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide.⁵⁰⁹ ⁵¹⁷ ⁶⁴¹

Combined therapy with IV paclitaxel, intraperitoneal cisplatin, and intraperitoneal paclitaxel^{† [off-label]} is recommended (accepted) for the initial adjuvant treatment of optimally debulked stage III epithelial ovarian cancer in patients with good performance status (Gynecologic Oncology Group [GOG] performance status of 0–2).¹⁰⁰⁰¹ ¹⁰⁰¹²

Second-line therapy for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer when retreatment is indicated in patients with platinum-sensitive disease who relapse.¹ ⁴⁸⁹ ⁵⁰⁹ However, carboplatin monotherapy preferred to cisplatin monotherapy by some clinicians due to its more favorable toxicity profile.⁴⁸⁹ ⁵⁰⁹ Nonplatinum-based monotherapy regimens (e.g., paclitaxel) generally preferred for retreatment of platinum-resistant disease.⁴⁸⁹ ⁵⁰⁹ ⁵¹² ⁵¹⁴

For the adjuvant therapy of ovarian germ-cell tumors, combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide currently is regimen of choice.⁶³ ⁴¹⁵ ⁵⁸²

Bladder Cancer

Used alone or in combination therapy for the treatment of muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer that is no longer amenable to surgery and/or radiation therapy.¹ ⁵⁸⁴ ⁵⁸⁵ ⁵⁸⁷ ⁵⁹¹ ⁶⁰⁵ ⁶⁰⁶

For adjuvant treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, regimens consisting of cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine with or without doxorubicin (abbreviated as M-VAC or CMV, respectively) currently is used.⁵⁹¹ ⁶⁰⁵ ⁶⁰⁶

For palliative treatment of advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, M-VAC, CMV, or, alternatively, a regimen consisting of cisplatin and gemcitabine currently is used.⁶³ ¹³⁴ ⁵⁵⁶ ⁵⁸⁴ ⁵⁸⁵ ⁶²⁶

Head and Neck Cancer

Used in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil as induction therapy prior to radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.⁷⁶⁵ ⁷⁶⁶

Adjunct to fluorouracil or paclitaxel for the palliative treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer^{† [off-label]}.⁶³ ⁵²⁷ ⁶⁷³ ⁶⁷⁴ Regimen consisting of cisplatin, methotrexate, bleomycin, and vincristine also has been used.⁶⁷⁵

Cervical Cancer

Used alone⁶³ ⁶⁸⁵ ⁶⁸⁷ or in combination therapy⁶³ ⁶⁸⁴ ⁶⁸⁶ ⁶⁸⁷ ⁶⁸⁸ as an adjunct to radiation therapy for the treatment of invasive cervical cancer^{† [off-label]} (FIGO stages IB2 through IVA⁶⁸⁴ ⁶⁸⁵ ⁶⁸⁷ ⁶⁸⁸ or FIGO stage IA2, IB, or IIA with poor prognostic factors).⁶⁸³ ⁶⁸⁴ ⁶⁸⁵ ⁶⁸⁶ ⁶⁸⁷ ⁶⁸⁸ ⁶⁹⁰ ⁶⁹⁷

Component of various combination chemotherapeutic regimens (e.g., bleomycin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide [BIP]; bleomycin, cisplatin, mitomycin, and vincristine [BOMP]) for the treatment of metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer^{† [off-label]}.⁶³ ¹⁷⁷ ¹⁷⁹ ¹⁸⁰ ¹⁸¹

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Component of various chemotherapeutic regimens for advanced non-small cell lung cancer^†.⁶³ ⁵²⁹ ⁶⁶⁵

Currently preferred regimens include the combination of cisplatin with another agent, such as paclitaxel,⁶³ ¹⁸⁷ ⁵²⁹ ⁶⁶⁵ ⁶⁶⁶ vinorelbine,⁶³ ⁵²⁹ ⁶⁶⁵ ⁶⁶⁷ gemcitabine,⁶³ ¹⁸⁷ ⁵²⁹ ⁶⁶⁹ ⁶⁷⁰ or docetaxel.¹⁸⁷ ⁵²⁹

Small Cell Lung Cancer

Adjunct to other antineoplastic agents for the treatment of small cell lung cancer^†.⁶³ ⁵³³

Regimens consisting of cisplatin and etoposide or irinotecan currently considered preferred regimens.⁶³ ⁵¹⁵ ⁵³³

Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Used in combination with pemetrexed for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma in patients not eligible for surgery.⁶³ ⁶⁷⁹

Monotherapy²⁰² ²⁰³ ⁶⁷⁹ ⁶⁸⁰ or as adjunct to other antineoplastic agents (e.g., doxorubicin, gemcitabine, mitomycin)⁶³ ²⁰⁴ ⁶⁸¹ for the palliative treatment of advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma^†.²⁰² ²⁰³ ²⁰⁴ ⁶⁷⁹ ⁶⁸⁰ ⁶⁸¹

Esophageal Cancer

Monotherapy⁵⁶⁹ ⁵⁷⁶ ⁶⁴⁴ or as adjunct to other antineoplastic agents⁶³ ⁵⁶⁸ ⁵⁶⁹ ⁵⁷⁰ ⁵⁷⁶ ⁶⁴⁴ for the treatment of localized or advanced esophageal cancer^†.

For treatment of localized, resectable esophageal cancer, some experts recommend combined modality treatment with combination chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin and fluorouracil) and concurrent radiation therapy with or without surgery.³⁶¹ ⁵⁶⁸ ⁵⁷²

For palliative treatment of metastatic (local or distant) disease or recurrent or locally advanced disease not amenable to surgery or radiation therapy,⁶³ ⁵⁶⁸ ⁵⁷⁰ ⁵⁷⁶ ⁶⁴⁴ combination therapy with cisplatin and fluorouracil is considered regimen of choice.⁶³ ⁵⁶⁸ ⁶⁴⁴

Biliary Tract Cancer

Use in combination with gemcitabine is recommended (accepted) for the treatment of unresectable locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer^† (intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, or ampullary cancer), including unresectable recurrent disease following surgical resection, in patients with good performance status (ECOG performance status of 0 or 1).⁷⁶¹ ⁷⁶³ ⁷⁶⁴

Brain Tumors

Adjunct for the treatment of astrocytic tumors^†, such as anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme.⁶³

Used in combination with lomustine and vincristine as adjuvant therapy following surgical resection and radiation therapy for the treatment of medulloblastoma^†.⁶³ ⁵⁴⁶

Monotherapy or in combination chemotherapy regimens (e.g., cisplatin and etoposide) as salvage therapy for recurrent oligodendroglioma^†.⁶³ ²¹³

Adjunct to etoposide for the treatment of intracranial germ cell tumors^†.⁶³ ²¹⁴ ⁵⁴⁵

Neuroblastoma

Component of combination therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma^†.⁶³ ⁵⁴¹

In patients with intermediate-risk tumors or some patients with low-risk tumors, combination chemotherapy with moderate doses of carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide is used in conjunction with surgery (with or without radiation therapy).⁵⁴¹ In patients with high-risk tumors, aggressive chemotherapy using higher doses of these drugs and additional drugs (e.g., ifosfamide, high-dose cisplatin, vincristine) is used.⁵⁴¹

Cisplatin Dosage and Administration

General

Consult specialized references for procedures for proper handling and disposal of antineoplastics.¹
Consider pretreatment with antiemetics (e.g., selective inhibitors of type 3 [5-HT₃] serotonergic receptors)⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁴¹ ⁴⁴⁵ ⁴⁴⁶ ⁴⁴⁹ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁴⁵¹ ⁴⁵² ⁴⁵³ ⁴⁵⁴ ⁴⁵⁵ ⁴⁵⁶ ⁴⁵⁷ ⁴⁵⁹ ⁴⁶⁰ ⁴⁶¹ ⁴⁶² ⁴⁶⁶ ⁴⁶⁸ or combination antiemetic therapy (e.g., 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist and corticosteroid) to prevent nausea and vomiting,.⁴⁴⁶ ⁴⁵¹ ⁴⁵² ⁴⁵⁵ ⁴⁵⁶ ⁴⁶² ⁴⁶⁴ ⁴⁶⁶ ⁴⁶⁸ ⁴⁶⁹ ⁴⁷⁰

Hydration

Hydrate with 1–2 L IV fluid 8–12 hours prior to administration.¹ ⁶⁷ ²⁴⁵ ²⁵² ³⁴⁴ Maintain adequate hydration and urinary output during and for 24 hours after administration to minimize nephrotoxicity.¹ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁵ ²⁵¹ ²⁵⁶ ³⁴³ ³⁴⁴
In adults, IV fluids usually administered alone or with mannitol and/or furosemide to achieve a diuresis of 150–400 mL/hour (during and for at least 4–6 hours after administration of cisplatin)²⁴⁵ ²⁵¹ ²⁵² ²⁵⁶ ³⁴³ ³⁴⁴ or ≥100–200 mL/hour (for the next 18–24 hours⁶⁵ ²⁵¹ ²⁵² ³⁴³ ³⁴⁴ or until vomiting stops and oral fluids are tolerated).³⁴³
Potassium chloride (e.g., 10–20 mEq/L) often added to IV fluids to replace losses and prevent deficiencies.²⁴⁵ ²⁵⁹ ³⁴⁴

Administer by IV infusion.¹ Also has been administered intraperitoneally^†.⁴² ⁴³ ³⁴⁶ ⁴⁷⁶ ¹⁰⁰⁰¹ ¹⁰⁰⁰⁸

IV Administration

For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.

Administer by IV infusion.¹

Aluminum displaces platinum from cisplatin molecule,¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² causing formation of a black precipitate¹ ¹⁰ ¹¹ ¹² and loss of potency;¹ ¹² do not use needles or IV administration sets that contain aluminum parts for preparation or administration.¹

Handle cautiously (e.g., use gloves); avoid exposure during handling and preparation of IV solution.¹ If skin or mucosal contact occurs, immediately and thoroughly wash skin with soap and water and flush mucosa with water.¹

Dilution

Dilute preservative-free solution with 2 L of 5% dextrose and 0.33 or 0.45% sodium chloride injection containing 18.75 g of mannitol/L (i.e., 37.5 g in 2 L).¹ Do not dilute with 5% dextrose injection.¹

If not used within 6 hours, protect from light.¹

Rate of Administration

Manufacturer recommends administering dose by IV infusion over 6–8 hours.¹

Has been administered over 15 minutes to 2 hours with minimal adverse renal effects.⁶⁵ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁷ ²⁵² ²⁵⁶ ²⁵⁷ ²⁵⁸ ²⁶¹ Continuous 24-hour³⁸ or 5-day²⁶³ ²⁶⁴ ²⁶⁵ IV infusions also have been used.

Rapid IV injection (e.g., over 1–5 minutes)²⁵ ²⁷ ²⁵⁹ ²⁹⁰ associated with increased risk of nephrotoxicity²⁴³ or ototoxicity.²⁹⁰

Intraperitoneal Instillation

In patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (GOG-172 study), dose was diluted in 2 L of 0.9% sodium chloride solution that was warmed to 37°C and administered as rapidly as possible through a surgically implanted peritoneal catheter.¹⁰⁰⁰¹ ¹⁰⁰⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁰¹⁵ Following peritoneal infusion, patient was asked to roll into a different position every 15 minutes for the next 2 hours to disperse the drug throughout the peritoneal cavity.¹⁰⁰⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁰¹⁵

Some clinicians have recommended mixing intraperitoneal chemotherapeutic agents in 1 L of warmed saline solution and then, in the absence of pain, administering an additional 1 L of saline solution to ensure adequate distribution within the peritoneal cavity.¹⁰⁰¹¹

Consult specialized sources for guidance on how to administer intraperitoneal therapy.¹⁰⁰⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁰¹⁶ Further study needed to optimize techniques for intraperitoneal therapy to minimize risk of complications (e.g., infection, catheter obstruction, catheter retraction, bowel perforation, pain, leakage, port access problems).¹⁰⁰⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁰¹⁵ ¹⁰⁰¹⁶ ¹⁰⁰¹⁷

Dosage

Contact prescriber if prescribed dose >100 mg/m²/cycle.¹ (Cisplatin dosages exceeding 100 mg/m²/cycle once every 3–4 weeks are rarely used.)¹ Inadvertent substitution of cisplatin for carboplatin can result in potentially fatal overdosage.⁴¹⁹ ⁴²⁰ ⁴²¹ ⁴²² (See Boxed Warning.)

Do not administer repeat course until S_cr <1.5 mg/dL and/or BUN <25 mg/dL, platelet count ≥100,000/mm³, and leukocyte count ≥4000/mm³, and unless auditory acuity is within normal limits.¹

Consult published protocols for dosages of other chemotherapeutic agents and alternative cisplatin dosages, the method and sequence of administration, and duration of therapy.

Adults

Testicular Cancer

IV

20 mg/m² daily for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks for 3 or 4 courses of therapy.¹ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷ ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ ⁷² ⁷³ ³³⁵ ⁴⁰⁸ 3 cycles of therapy are sufficient for favorable-prognosis germ cell tumors.⁸⁵ ⁸⁶

Ovarian Cancer

IV

Combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel: 75 mg/m² once every 3 weeks.³⁶¹ ⁵¹⁷

Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide: 50–100 mg/m² once every 3–4 weeks.¹ ³⁶¹ Administer cisplatin and cyclophosphamide sequentially.¹

Monotherapy: Manufacturer recommends 100 mg/m² once every 4 weeks.¹ Some experts recommend 50–100 mg/m² once every 3 weeks;³⁶¹ dosages of 30–120 mg/m² once every 3–4 weeks have been used.⁹⁷ ⁹⁸ ¹⁰¹ ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ ¹⁰⁴ ¹⁰⁵ ³⁸³

Intraperitoneal

Combination chemotherapy with IV and intraperitoneal paclitaxel^†: IV paclitaxel 135 mg/m² by 24-hour infusion on day 1, followed by intraperitoneal cisplatin 100 mg/m² on day 2 and intraperitoneal paclitaxel 60 mg/m² on day 8, has been administered every 21 days for up to 6 cycles.¹⁰⁰⁰¹ Modified regimens (e.g., with shorter IV infusion times that may permit outpatient administration) are being investigated.¹⁰⁰⁰⁸ ¹⁰⁰¹² ¹⁰⁰¹³ ¹⁰⁰¹⁴

Bladder Cancer

IV

50–70 mg/m² once every 3–4 weeks, depending on extent of prior radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.¹

In extensively pretreated patients, 50 mg/m² once every 4 weeks.¹

Head and Neck Cancer†

IV

Monotherapy: 80–120 mg/m² once every 3 weeks³⁸ ¹⁴³ ¹⁴⁴ ¹⁴⁷ ¹⁴⁹ or 50 mg/m² on the first and eighth days of every 4 weeks.¹⁴³ ¹⁴⁸

Combination chemotherapy: 50–120 mg/m²; frequency of administration depends on the specific regimen employed (consult specialized references).¹⁴⁴ ¹⁴⁶ ¹⁴⁹ ¹⁵⁰ ¹⁵¹ ¹⁵² ¹⁵⁴ ¹⁵⁵ ¹⁵⁷ ¹⁵⁸ ¹⁶⁰ ¹⁶¹ ¹⁶² ¹⁶³ ¹⁶⁴ ¹⁶⁵ ¹⁶⁶ ¹⁶⁷ ¹⁶⁸ ¹⁶⁹ ¹⁷⁰

Induction therapy (in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil): 75–100 mg/m² once every 3 weeks.⁷⁶⁵ ⁷⁶⁶

Cervical Cancer†

Invasive Cervical Cancer†

Monotherapy: 40 mg/m² once weekly has been administered concurrently with radiation therapy up to a maximum of 6 doses.⁶⁸⁵ ⁶⁸⁷

Combination chemotherapy (e.g., with fluorouracil): 50–75 mg/m² has been administered concurrently with radiation therapy according to various dosage schedules.⁶⁸⁴ ⁶⁸⁶ ⁶⁸⁷

Metastatic or Recurrent Cervical Cancer†

50 mg/m² once every 3 weeks up to a maximum of 6 courses.¹⁷⁵ ¹⁷⁸ ¹⁸⁰ ¹⁸¹ Higher dosages (e.g., 100 mg/m² once every 3 weeks) produce higher response rates but also increased toxicity.¹⁷⁵

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer†

IV

75–100 mg/m² once every 3–4 weeks.⁶⁶⁶ ⁶⁶⁷ ⁶⁶⁹ ⁶⁷⁰

Esophageal Cancer†

IV

Monotherapy: 50–120 mg/m² once every 3–4 weeks.⁵⁷⁶

Combination chemotherapy: 75–100 mg/m² once every 3–4 weeks.³⁶¹ ⁵⁷⁰ ⁵⁷² ⁵⁷⁶

Biliary Tract Cancer†

IV

Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine: Cisplatin 25 mg/m² (as 1-hour infusion) has been given on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle; administered in combination with gemcitabine (1 g/m² as 30-minute infusion on days 1 and 8 after cisplatin).⁷⁶¹ ⁷⁶³ Treatment continued for 24 weeks (8 cycles) in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.⁷⁶¹ ⁷⁶³

Prescribing Limits

Adults

Do not administer cycle more frequently than once every 3–4 weeks.¹

Contact prescriber if prescribed dose >100 mg/m²/cycle.¹ (Cisplatin dosages exceeding 100 mg/m²/per cycle once every 3–4 weeks are rarely used.)¹

Consider that renal toxicity becomes more severe with repeated courses of cisplatin.¹

Cervical Cancer†

Invasive cervical cancer: Maximum 6 doses.⁶⁸⁵ ⁶⁸⁷

Metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer: Maximum 6 courses.¹⁷⁵ ¹⁷⁸ ¹⁸⁰ ¹⁸¹

Special Populations

Geriatric Patients

Careful dosage selection and monitoring of renal function recommended due to possible age-related decrease in renal function.¹ ⁷⁵⁶

Cautions for Cisplatin

Contraindications

Patients with preexisting renal impairment, myelosuppression, or hearing impairment.¹
Known hypersensitivity to cisplatin or other platinum-containing compounds or any ingredient in the formulation.¹

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Renal Effects

Risk of dose-related (cumulative), severe nephrotoxicity¹ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁵ ²⁴⁶ (manifested as increased S_cr, BUN, serum uric acid concentrations, and/or decreased Cl_cr¹ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁵ ²⁴⁶ and GFR);²⁴⁷ ³³⁹ nephrotoxicity more common and severe than with carboplatin.⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁹³ ⁵²¹ ⁵²² ⁵⁴² ⁵⁴⁹ ⁵⁶⁶

Nephrotoxicity generally occurs during second week following initiation of therapy;¹ ²⁴⁶ may occur within several days following administration of high-dose regimens.²⁴⁶ (See Clinical/Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)

High¹³ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁵ or repeated doses¹ ¹³ ³⁹⁰ can increase severity¹ ¹³ ²⁴⁴ ³⁹⁰ and duration¹ ²⁴⁴ of renal impairment. Recovery generally occurs within 2–4 weeks after administration of cisplatin,²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁶ ²⁵⁶ but renal insufficiency may be irreversible (sometimes fatal).¹³ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁴ ²⁴⁵

Maintain adequate hydration and urinary output during and for 24 hours after administration of cisplatin to minimize nephrotoxicity.¹ ²⁴³ ²⁴⁵ ²⁵¹ ²⁵⁶ ³⁴³ ³⁴⁴ (See Hydration under Dosage and Administration.)

Nervous System Effects

Risk of neurotoxicity, usually characterized by severe neuropathy (e.g., paresthesia, areflexia, loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation)¹ ¹⁰¹ ²⁷⁶ ²⁹⁷ ²⁹⁸ ²⁹⁹ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰¹ ³⁰² ³⁰³ ³⁰⁴ ⁴⁴⁴ in patients receiving higher single or cumulative doses, prolonged therapy (4–7 months),¹ ²⁷⁶ ²⁹⁷ ²⁹⁸ ²⁹⁹ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰¹ ³⁰² ³⁰³ ³⁰⁴ ⁴⁸⁶ ⁴⁸⁸ or greater dose frequency than recommended.¹ Neurotoxicity more severe and occurs more frequently than with carboplatin.⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁹³ ⁵²¹ ⁵²²

Perform neurologic examination regularly.¹ If manifestations of neuropathy occur, discontinue cisplatin immediately; neuropathy may worsen even after discontinuance.¹ ²⁹⁷ ⁴⁸⁸ Peripheral neuropathy may be irreversible in some patients.¹ ²⁹⁷

Possible motor (especially gait) difficulties,¹⁰¹ ²⁷⁶ ²⁹⁷ ²⁹⁹ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰² ⁴⁷² reduced or absent deep-tendon reflexes,¹⁰¹ ²⁹⁷ ²⁹⁸ ³⁰⁰ ³⁰⁴ leg weakness,³⁰⁰ ³⁰¹ or loss of motor function.¹ Muscle cramps reported, particularly in patients receiving high cumulative dose and at advanced symptomatic stage of peripheral neuropathy.¹

Loss of taste, seizures, Lhermitte’s sign, dorsal column myelopathy, and autonomic neuropathy reported.¹

Otic Effects

Risk of dose-related, cumulative ototoxicity.¹ (See Boxed Warning.) Hearing loss can be unilateral or bilateral and becomes more frequent and severe with repeated doses;¹ may occasionally require dosage reduction or discontinuance of therapy.²⁷⁶ ²⁹⁰ ³⁵⁸ (See Clinical/Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)

Risk of vestibular ototoxicity¹ ²⁹⁵ ²⁹⁶ (manifested as vertigo²⁹⁵ ) or vestibular dysfunction.²⁹⁶

Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality

May cause fetal harm; teratogenicity and embryolethality demonstrated in animals.¹ ³⁴⁷ ³⁶⁰ ³⁶⁷ ³⁶⁸ Avoid pregnancy during therapy.¹ If used during pregnancy or if patient becomes pregnant, apprise of potential fetal hazard.¹ ³⁴⁷ ³⁶⁰

Carcinogenic Effects

Malignancies (e.g., leukemia, renal fibrosarcoma) reported in rats.¹ Bladder cancer reported in at least 1 patient, but causal relationship not established.³³⁰ ³³¹ Acute leukemia rarely reported in humans; in such cases, cisplatin generally was given in combination with other leukemogenic agents and/or radiation.¹ ³³¹ ⁴⁷⁸ ⁴⁷⁹ ⁴⁸⁰ ⁴⁸¹

Sensitivity Reactions

Anaphylactoid Reactions

Anaphylactoid reactions reported.¹ (See Boxed Warning.) Anaphylactoid reactions usually have occurred only after multiple cycles (e.g., at least 5 doses),²⁴⁵ ³¹² ³¹³ ⁴⁴⁰ but also can occur after the initial dose.⁴⁴⁰ Observe patients carefully; supportive equipment and medication should be available for immediate use.¹

Major Toxicities

Hematologic Effects

Risk of cumulative myelosuppression (manifested as leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia).¹ ¹³ ²⁷⁶ Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are dose-related.¹ ²⁷⁶ Anemia not clearly dose-related but may be severe, possibly requiring transfusions.⁹⁷ ²⁴⁵ ³⁹³

Myelosuppression may be more severe in patients previously treated with other antineoplastic agents or radiation therapy.²⁴⁵ ²⁷⁶ Myelosuppression less pronounced than with carboplatin.⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁹⁵ ⁴⁹⁶ ⁵²¹ ⁵²² ⁵⁵¹

Nadir in circulating platelets, leukocytes, and hemoglobin occurs 18–23 days (range: 7.2–45 days) following single dose; levels return to pretreatment values in most patients within 39 days (range: 13–62 days).¹ ⁴⁴⁰ (See Clinical/Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)

Fever and infection reported in patients with neutropenia.¹

Hemolytic anemia reported.¹ Repeat course may result in increased hemolysis; carefully weigh benefit of therapy versus risk.¹

GI Effects

Marked nausea and vomiting reported in virtually all patients;¹ ²⁷⁶ ⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁴¹ ⁴⁴² ⁴⁴⁵ ⁴⁴⁶ ⁴⁴⁷ ⁴⁴⁸ ⁴⁴⁹ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁴⁶² ⁴⁶⁸ ⁴⁶⁹ ⁴⁷⁰ occasionally may require discontinuance of therapy.¹ ²⁷⁶ ⁴⁶⁸

Increased incidence and severity in females, in young patients, following administration of high doses or by rapid infusion, and/or following concomitant administration with other emetogenic drugs (e.g., doxorubicin); patients with history of chronic heavy alcohol use may experience less frequent and severe emetogenic effects.⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁴⁶² ⁴⁶⁸

Nausea and vomiting generally begin within 1–6 (usually 2–3) hours after administration of cisplatin; persist for up to 24 hours or longer.¹ ¹⁰¹ ²⁷⁶ ⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁴¹ ⁴⁶² Average of 10–12 vomiting episodes reported within first 24 hours after initial dose.⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁶² ⁴⁶⁸ Various degrees of nausea, vomiting, and anorexia may persist for up to 5–10 days.¹ ¹⁰¹ ²⁵⁹ ²⁷⁶

Delayed nausea and vomiting (beginning or persisting ≥24 hours following chemotherapy) has occurred in patients who had attained complete emetic control on the day of cisplatin therapy.¹ ⁴⁴⁰ ⁴⁴¹ ⁴⁴⁵ ⁴⁴⁹ ⁴⁵⁰ ⁴⁵¹ ⁴⁵⁸ ⁴⁵⁹ ⁴⁶² ⁴⁶⁸

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Effects

Bradycardia,³¹⁶ left bundle-branch block,²⁷⁶ ST-T-wave changes with CHF,²⁷⁶ postural hypotension,²⁷⁶ MI, cerebrovascular accident, thrombotic microangiopathy, or cerebral arteritis reported rarely.¹

Electrolyte Disturbances

Hypomagnesemia,¹ ²⁵¹ ²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹ ²⁷² ²⁷³ ³⁴² ³⁹⁰ hypocalcemia,¹ ²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷¹ ³⁴² ³⁹⁰ hypokalemia,¹ ²⁷¹ hypophosphatemia,¹ ²⁷¹ and hyponatremia¹ ²⁷⁴ ³⁴² reported. SIADH reported.¹

Manifestations of hypomagnesemia and/or hypocalcemia include muscle irritability²⁶⁸ or cramps,²⁷⁰ clonus,²⁷¹ tremor,²⁷⁰ carpopedal spasm,²⁶⁹ ²⁷¹ and/or tetany.¹ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷¹

Electrolyte disturbances may occur within several days after administration of initial dose;²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ³⁴² hypomagnesemia usually develops within 3–4 weeks²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷³ and appears to increase in severity with progressive courses of treatment.³⁹⁰ (See Clinical/Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)

Normal serum electrolyte concentrations generally restored by administration (usually parenteral)²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹ ³⁹⁰ of appropriate supplemental electrolytes and drug discontinuance.¹ ²⁶⁸ ²⁶⁹ ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹

Metabolic Effects

Hyperuricemia (resulting from drug-induced nephrotoxicity²⁵⁶ ) reported;¹ ¹²⁶ ²⁵⁶ more pronounced with doses >50 mg/m².¹ Peak uric acid concentrations generally occur 3–5 days after administration of drug.¹

Allopurinol effectively reduces uric acid concentrations.¹ ²⁵⁶

Ocular Effects

Optic neuritis¹ ²⁹⁸ ³⁰⁴ ³¹⁴ (principally retrobulbar),²⁹⁸ ³¹⁴ papilledema,¹ ³¹⁴ and cerebral (cortical) blindness¹ ⁴⁸ ³¹⁵ ⁴⁷¹ reported infrequently. Corticosteroids, with or without mannitol, have been used; however, efficacy of such treatment not established.¹

Blurred vision and altered color perception reported following administration of higher dosages or greater dosing frequencies.¹

Hepatic Effects

Mild and transient elevations of serum AST (SGOT),¹ ²⁷⁶ ALT (SGPT),²⁷⁶ and bilirubin¹ reported. (See Clinical/Laboratory Monitoring under Cautions.)

Local Effects

Soft tissue toxicity (e.g., severe cellulitis with residual fibrosis,³²² ⁴⁸² and full-thickness skin necrosis³²³ ⁴⁸² ) reported following extravasation of drug.¹ ⁴⁸²

Infusion of solutions with concentration >0.5 mg/mL may result in tissue cellulitis, fibrosis, and necrosis.¹

General Precautions

Clinical/Laboratory Monitoring

Monitor S_cr, BUN, Cl_cr, and serum magnesium, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations prior to initiating therapy and prior to each subsequent course.¹ Do not administer repeat dose until S_cr <1.5 mg/dL and/or BUN <25 mg/dL.¹ (See Dosage under Dosage and Administration.)

Monitor peripheral blood counts weekly.¹

Perform neurologic examination regularly.¹

Monitor liver function periodically.¹

Perform audiometric testing prior to initiating therapy and prior to each subsequent dose.¹ Do not administer repeat doses unless auditory acuity is within normal limits.¹

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category D.¹ (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)

Lactation

Distributed into milk.¹ Discontinue nursing.¹ ³⁴⁷ ³⁶⁰ ³⁶¹

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy not established.¹ ³⁴ ²⁰⁵ ²⁰⁶ ²⁰⁷ ²⁰⁸

More severe ototoxic effects.¹ ²⁸⁹ Increased risk of hypomagnesemia.²⁶⁹

Geriatric Use

Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults.⁷⁵⁶

Possible increased risk for myelosuppression, infectious complications, peripheral neuropathy, and nephrotoxicity.¹ ⁷⁵⁶

Careful dosage selection and monitoring of renal function recommended due to possible age-related decrease in renal function.¹ ⁷⁵⁶

Common Adverse Effects

Nausea, vomiting, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, myelosuppression.¹ (See Warnings under Cautions.)

Drug Interactions

No evidence to date that cisplatin undergoes enzymatic biotransformation.⁷ ¹⁴

Renally Excreted Drugs

Potentially altered elimination of renally excreted drugs,³⁴⁷ ³⁶¹ possibly as a result of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.³³⁷

Specific Drugs

Drug	Interaction	Comments
Aminoglycosides	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity.¹ ²⁴⁵ ²⁴⁸ ²⁵³ ²⁵⁴ ²⁵⁵ Increased risk of ototoxicity.¹	Avoid concomitant use; if must be used concomitantly (during or shortly after cisplatin therapy), exercise extreme caution.²⁴⁵ ²⁴⁸ ²⁵¹ ²⁵³ ²⁵⁴ Some clinicians recommend avoiding aminoglycoside for at least 2 weeks after cisplatin to minimize risk.²⁴⁵ Monitor carefully for ototoxicity.²⁷⁶ ²⁹⁴
Amphotericin B	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity.²⁵¹ ²⁵³ ²⁵⁴	Avoid concomitant use.²⁵¹ ²⁵³ ²⁵⁴
Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin)	Possible decreased phenytoin concentrations (due to decreased absorption and/or increased metabolism).⁴¹⁴	Monitor serum phenytoin concentrations; adjust dosage accordingly.⁴¹⁴
Bleomycin	Possible altered renal elimination of bleomycin.³³⁷	Possible synergistic antineoplastic effects.³⁶²
Diuretics, loop (e.g., ethacrynic acid, furosemide)	Increased risk of ototoxicity.¹	Monitor carefully for ototoxicity.²⁷⁶ ²⁹⁴
Etoposide	Possible decreased etoposide elimination.³⁷⁸	Possible synergistic antineoplastic effects.⁸⁰ ⁹⁴ ¹⁹³ ¹⁵⁴ ³⁵⁵ ³⁶³ ³⁶⁴ ³⁶⁶
Methotrexate	Possible altered renal elimination of methotrexate.³³⁸	Possible synergistic antineoplastic effects.³⁶²
Pyridoxine	Response duration adversely affected when used concomitantly with cisplatin and altretamine (hexamethylmelamine).¹

Cisplatin Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Following rapid IV injection over 1–5 minutes²⁵ ²⁷ or rapid IV infusion over 15 minutes³⁰ ³¹ ³⁸⁶ or 1 hour,²⁶ ³⁶ peak plasma drug²⁷ and platinum²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁷ ³⁰ ³¹ ³⁶ ³⁸⁶ concentrations occur immediately.

Distribution

Extent

After cisplatin administration, platinum is widely distributed into body fluids and tissues,⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ with highest platinum concentrations in the kidneys,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ liver,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁵⁹ and prostate;¹ ⁴⁴ somewhat lower concentrations in the bladder,¹ ⁴⁴ muscle,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ testes,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ pancreas,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ and spleen;¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ and lowest concentrations in the small and large intestines,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁵⁹ adrenals,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ heart,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ lungs,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁵⁹ lymph nodes,⁵⁹ thyroid,⁵⁹ gallbladder,⁵⁹ thymus,⁵⁹ cerebrum,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁴⁹ cerebellum,¹ ⁴⁴ ⁴⁹ ovaries,⁴⁴ and uterus.⁴⁴ Distributed minimally into leukocytes²⁵ and erythrocytes.⁶⁰ ³⁷¹ ³⁸⁶

Platinum present in tissues for as long as 180 days after administration of last dose.¹

Possible accumulation of platinum compound when administered on a daily basis.¹

Crosses the placenta⁴⁴ and is distributed into milk.¹

Plasma Protein Binding

Platinum from cisplatin is 90% irreversibly bound⁵¹ (mainly to albumin, transferrin, and γ-globulin).¹ ³⁶ ⁵¹ Only nonprotein-bound platinum is cytotoxic.²⁶ ⁵⁰

Special Populations

Increased plasma concentrations of nonprotein-bound platinum in patients with renal impairment.³¹

Elimination

Metabolism

No evidence to date that cisplatin undergoes enzymatic biotransformation.⁷ ¹⁴ Chloride ligands of the cisplatin complex believed to be displaced by water, forming positively charged platinum complexes that react with nucleophilic sites.⁷ ¹⁴

Elimination Route

Excreted principally in urine (predominantly via glomerular filtration²⁶ ⁵⁴ ¹⁴¹ ³⁹¹ ) as intact cisplatin²⁵ ⁵³ ⁵⁵ and platinum-containing product(s);¹ ²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁰ ³¹ ³⁶ ⁵² ⁵⁵ approximately 10–50% of dose excreted within 24–48 hours.¹ ²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁰ ³⁷ ³⁹¹

Fecal elimination¹ ²⁹ ⁴⁵ appears to be insignificant.¹

May undergo enterohepatic circulation.³⁶ ³⁹ ⁴⁰ ³⁷¹

Minimally removed by hemodialysis.⁵⁷ ⁵⁸

Half-life

Intact cisplatin: 20–30 minutes (initial phase) following rapid IV injection or infusion.¹ ²⁷

Total platinum: 8.1–49 minutes (initial phase)²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁹ ³⁶ ⁴⁶ ³⁷¹ ³⁸⁶ and 30.5–107 hours²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁹ ³⁶ ⁴⁶ or possibly longer³⁸⁶ (terminal phase) following rapid IV injection or infusion.²⁵ ²⁶ ²⁹ ³⁶ ⁴⁶ ³⁸⁶ Following 6-hour IV infusion, terminal elimination half-life is 73–290 hours.²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁷

Nonprotein-bound platinum: 2.7–30 minutes (initial phase)²⁶ ³¹ ³⁷¹ ³⁸⁶ and 32–53.5 minutes (terminal phase) following rapid IV injection or infusion.²⁶ ³⁰ ³¹ ³⁷¹ ³⁸⁶

Special Populations

Impaired elimination³⁸ ⁵⁸ and prolonged terminal half-life in renal impairment.⁵⁸

Stability

Storage

Parenteral

Injection

15–25°C; do not refrigerate (since precipitation may occur).¹ ⁴ ⁵ ⁴⁰² Protect from light.¹ ³ ⁴⁰²

Following initial entry of vial, cisplatin is stable for 28 days (protected from light) or 7 days (under fluorescent room light).¹

Protect diluted solution from light if not used within 6 hours.¹

Cisplatin Stability in Various IV Solutions and Admixtures
IV Solution	Cisplatin Concentration (mg/ml)	Duration of Stability (time and temperature)
5% Dextrose and 0.45 or 0.9% Sodium Chloride	0.05, 0.5	at least 24 h at room temperature^HID
5% Dextrose and 0.33% Sodium Chloride with 1.875% Mannitol (with or without 0.15% Potassium Chloride)	0.05, 0.1, 0.2	at least 72 h at 4 or 25°C⁵
5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride with 1.875% Mannitol	0.05, 0.1, 0.2	at least 72 h at 4 or 25°C⁵
0.2% Sodium Chloride	0.2	at least 24 h at room temperature⁴
0.225% Sodium Chloride	0.05, 0.1, 0.2	at least 72 h at 4 or 25°C⁵
0.3% Sodium Chloride	0.05, 0.1, 0.2	at least 72 h at 4 or 25°C⁵
0.45% Sodium Chloride	0.2	at least 24 h at room temperature⁴
	0.05, 0.5	at least 24 h at 25°C⁶
0.9% Sodium Chloride	0.2	at least 24 h at room temperature⁴
	0.05, 0.5	at least 24 h at 25°C⁶

Compatibility

Parenteral

Solution CompatibilityHID

Compatible
Dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.225, 0.45, or 0.9%
Dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.33 or 0.45% with mannitol 1.875%
Dextrose 5% in sodium chloride 0.33% with potassium chloride 20 mEq/L and mannitol 1.875%
Sodium chloride 0.225, 0.3, 0.45, or 0.9%
Incompatible
Sodium bicarbonate 5%
Variable
Dextrose 5% in water

Drug Compatibility

Admixture CompatibilityHID
Compatible
Carboplatin
Cyclophosphamide with etoposide
Etoposide
Etoposide with floxuridine
Floxuridine
Floxuridine with leucovorin calcium
Hydroxyzine HCl
Ifosfamide
Ifosfamide with etoposide
Leucovorin calcium
Magnesium sulfate
Mannitol
Ondansetron HCl
Incompatible
Etoposide with mannitol and potassium chloride
Fluorouracil
Mesna
Thiotepa
Variable
Paclitaxel

Y-Site CompatibilityHID
Compatible
Allopurinol sodium
Anidulafungin
Aztreonam
Bleomycin sulfate
Caspofungin acetate
Cladribine
Cyclophosphamide
Doripenem
Doxorubicin HCl
Doxorubicin HCl liposome injection
Droperidol
Etoposide phosphate
Filgrastim
Fludarabine phosphate
Fluorouracil
Furosemide
Gemcitabine HCl
Granisetron HCl
Heparin sodium
Leucovorin calcium
Linezolid
Melphalan HCl
Methotrexate sodium
Metoclopramide HCl
Mitomycin
Ondansetron HCl
Paclitaxel
Palonosetron HCI
Pemetrexed disodium
Propofol
Sargramostim
Teniposide
Topotecan HCl
Vinblastine sulfate
Vincristine sulfate
Vinorelbine tartrate
Incompatible
Amifostine
Amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex
Gallium nitrate
Piperacillin sodium–tazobactam sodium
Thiotepa

Actions

Heavy metal complex containing a platinum atom surrounded by 2 chloride atoms and 2 ammonia molecules.¹ ⁷ ¹³ ¹⁶
Chloride ligands of the cisplatin complex are displaced by water (aquation), forming positively charged platinum complexes.⁷ ¹⁴ ⁴⁸⁹ ⁴⁹⁰ ⁴⁹¹ ⁴⁹² ⁴⁹³ These toxic platinum complexes bind to specific DNA base sequences,¹⁵ ⁴⁸⁹ ⁴⁹⁰ ⁴⁹³ ⁴⁹⁴ producing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links,¹⁴ ¹⁵ ¹⁷ ²⁰ ¹²⁵ which are thought to inhibit DNA replication, transcription, and ultimately cell division.⁴⁸⁹ ⁴⁹⁰ ⁴⁹³
Cycle-phase nonspecific.²¹ ¹²⁵
Exhibits immunosuppressive,¹³ radiosensitizing,²³ ²⁴ ⁴⁹ and antimicrobial properties.¹³
Possible cross-resistance with carboplatin.⁴⁹³ ⁴⁹⁵ ⁴⁹⁶

Risk of nausea, vomiting, nephrotoxicity, myelosuppression, and ototoxicity.¹
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal supplements, as well as any concomitant illnesses.¹
Importance of women informing their clinician if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.¹ Necessity for clinicians to advise women to avoid pregnancy during therapy; advise pregnant women of risk to the fetus.¹
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

CISplatin
Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Parenteral	Injection, for IV infusion	1 mg/mL (50 or 100 mg)*	CISplatin Injection
			Platinol-AQ	Bristol-Myers Squibb

† Off-label: Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

1. Bristol-Myers Squibb. Platinol-AQ (cisplatin injection) prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2002 Nov.

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735. Cox JT. Evaluating the role of HPV testing for women with equivocal Papanicolaou test findings. JAMA. 1999; 281:1645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10235161?dopt=AbstractPlus

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740. Kaern J, Trope C, Sundfoer K et al. Cisplatin/5-fluorouracil treatment of recurrent cervical carcinoma: a phase II study with long-term follow-up. Gynecol Oncol. 1996; 60:387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8774643?dopt=AbstractPlus

741. Maiman M, Watts DH, Andersen J. A phase three randomized trial of topical vaginal 5-fluorouracil maintenance therapy versus observation after standard treatment for high grade cervical dysplasia in HIV-infected women: ACTG 200. In: Abstracts of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists, San Francisco, CA, 1999 Mar 20–24. Abstract.

742. Eifel PJ. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation: a major advance for women with cervical cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17:1334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334515?dopt=AbstractPlus

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744. Duran Garcia E, Santolaya R, Requena T. Treatment of malignant melanoma. Ann Pharmacother. 1999; 33:730-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10410188?dopt=AbstractPlus

745. Cohen GL, Falkson CI. Current treatment options for malignant melanoma. Drugs. 1998; 55:791-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9617594?dopt=AbstractPlus

746. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ et al. Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17:968-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071291?dopt=AbstractPlus

747. Falkson CI, Ibrahim J, Kirkwood JM et al. Phase III trial of dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b versus dacarbazine with tamoxifen versus dacarbazine with interferon alpha-2b and tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16:1743-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586887?dopt=AbstractPlus

748. Jungnelius U, Ringborg U, Aamdal S et al. Dacarbazine-vindesine versus dacarbazine-vindesine-cisplatin in disseminated malignant melanoma. A randomised phase III trial. Eur J Cancer. 1998; 34:1368-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9849419?dopt=AbstractPlus

749. Johnston SR, Constenla DO, Moore J et al. Randomized phase II trial of BCDT [carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, dacarbazine (DTIC) and tamoxifen] with or without interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin (IL-2) in patients with metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer. 1998; 77:1280-6. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2150174&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9579834?dopt=AbstractPlus

750. Legha SS, Ring S, Bedikian A et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with combined chemotherapy containing cisplatin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (CVD) and biotherapy using interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha. Ann Oncol. 1996; 7:827-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8922197?dopt=AbstractPlus

751. Margolin KA, Liu PY, Flaherty LE et al. Phase II study of carmustine, dacarbazine, cisplatin, and tamoxifen in advanced melanoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16:664-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469356?dopt=AbstractPlus

752. Chapman PB, Einhorn LH, Meyers ML et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17:2745-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561349?dopt=AbstractPlus

753. Legha SS, Ring S, Eton O et al. Development of a biochemotherapy regimen with concurrent administration of cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interferon alfa, and interleukin-2 for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16:1752-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586888?dopt=AbstractPlus

754. Atkins MB, Flaherty LE, Sosman JA, principal investigators. Phase III study of concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b versus cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (summary last modified 10/1999). Protocol ID: E-E3695. From CancerNet: PDQ Clinical Trials (database). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; accessed 1999 Nov 29.

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756. Food and Drug Administration. MedWatch—Safety-related drug labeling changes: Platinol & Platinol-AQ (cisplatin) Injection [November 8, 2002: Bristol-Myers Squibb]. From FDA web site. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/default.htm

757. Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer BE et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21:3194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860964?dopt=AbstractPlus

758. du Bois A, Luck HJ, Meier W et al. A randomized clinical trial of cisplatin/paclitaxel versus carboplatin/paclitaxel as first-line treatment of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003; 95:1320-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12953086?dopt=AbstractPlus

759. Piccart MJ, Bertelsen K, Stuart G et al. Long-term follow-up confirms a survival advantage of the paclitaxel-cisplatin regimen over the cyclophosphamide-cisplatin combination in advanced ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003; 13 Suppl 2:144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656271?dopt=AbstractPlus

761. Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH et al. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362:1273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20375404?dopt=AbstractPlus

762. Furuse J, Takada T, Miyazaki M et al. Guidelines for chemotherapy of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2008; 15:55-62. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2794344&blobtype=pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274844?dopt=AbstractPlus

763. Gemcitabine with or without cisplatin in treating patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma or other biliary tract tumors. From ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Accessed 2011 Feb 24. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00262769

764. AHFS Final Determination: Gemcitabine and cisplatin in unresectable biliary tract cancer. Published 2012 Feb.

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