| Stem |
Definition & substem (if available) |
A |
| -ac |
anti-inflammatory agents, ibufenac derivatives |
| -actide |
synthetic polypeptides with a corticotrophin-like action |
| -adol or -adol- |
analgesics |
| -adom |
analgesics, tifluadom derivatives |
| -afenone |
antiarrhythmics, propafenone derivatives |
| -aj- |
antiarrhythmics, ajmaline derivatives |
| -aldrate |
antacids, aluminium salts |
| -alox |
antacids, aluminium derivatives |
| -amivir see vir |
|
| andr |
steroids, androgens |
| -anserin |
serotonin receptor antagonists (mostly 5-HT2) |
| -antel |
anthelminthics (underfined group) |
| -apine |
see -pine |
| -arabine |
arabinofuranosyl derivatives |
| -arit |
antiarthritic substances, acting like clobuzarit and lobenzarit (mechanism different from anti-inflammatory type substances, eg -fenamates or -profens) |
| -arol |
anticoagulants, dicoumarol derivatives |
| arte- |
antimalarial agents, artemisinin related compounds |
| -ase |
enzymes;
-dismase (superoxide dismutase activity),
-pase (lipase)
-teplase (tissue plasminogen activators),
-uplase (urokinase-type-plasminogen activators) |
| -ast |
antiasthmatic, antiallergics, not acting primarily as antihistaminics;
-lukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist);
-trodast (thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists, antiasthmatics) |
| -astine |
antihistaminics |
| -azenil |
benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (benzodiazepine derivatives) |
| -azepam |
diazepam derivatives |
| -azepide |
cholecystokinin receptor antagonist |
| -azocine |
narcotic antagonists/agonists related to 6,7-benzomorphan |
| -azoline |
antihistaminics or local vasoconstrictors, antazoline derivatives |
| -azosin |
antihypertensive substances, prazosin derivatives |
B |
| -bactam |
b-lactamase inhibitors |
| -bamate |
tranquillizers, propanediol and pentanediol derivatives |
| barb |
hypnotics, barbituric acid derivatives |
| -bendazole |
anthelminthics, tiabendazole derivatives |
| bol |
anabolic steroids |
| -bradine |
bradycardic agents |
| -buzone |
anti-inflammatory analgesics, phenylbutazone derivatives |
C |
| -cain- |
Class 1 antiarrhythmics, procainamide and lidocaine derivatives (antifibrillants with local anaesthetic activity) |
| -caine |
local anaesthetics |
| calci |
Vitamin D analogues/derivatives |
| -carbef |
antibiotics, carbacepham derivatives |
| -carnil |
benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists (carboline derivatives) |
| -cavir |
see vir |
| cef- |
antibiotics, cefalosporanic acid derivatives |
| cell- or cel- or -cell- |
cellulose derivatives
cell-ate (cellulose ester derivatives);
-cellose (cellulose ether derivatives) |
| -cic |
hepatoprotectice substances with a carboxylic acid group |
| -cidin |
naturally occurring antibiotics (undefined group) |
| -cillin |
antibiotics, 6-aminopenicillanic acid derivatives |
| -citabine |
nucleoside antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azarabine derivatives |
| -clone |
hypnotic tranquillizers |
| -cog |
blood coagulation factors;
(-)eptacog (blood coagulation VII);
(-)octocog (blood coagulation factor VIII);
(-)nonacog (blood coagulation factor IX) |
| -conazole |
systemic antifungal agents, miconazole derivatives |
| cort |
corticosteroids, except prednisolone derivatives |
| -crinat |
diuretics, etacrynic acid derivatives |
| -crine |
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, tacrine derivatives |
| -cromil |
antiallergics, cromoglicic acid derivatives |
| -curium |
see -ium |
| -cycline |
antibiotics, tetracycline derivatives |
D |
| -dan |
cardiac stimulants, pimobendan derivatives |
| -dapsone |
Antimycobacterials, diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives |
| -dermin |
see -ermin |
| -dil |
vasodilators |
| -dipine |
calcium channel blockers, nifedipine derivatives |
| -dismase |
see -ase |
| -dopa |
dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine derivatives, used as antiparkinsonism/prolactin inhibitors; |
| -dox |
antibacterials, quinoline dioxide derivatives |
| -dralazine |
antihypertensives, hydrazinephthalazine derivatives |
| -drine |
sympathomimetics;
-frine: sympathomimetic, phenethyl derivatives |
| -dronic acid |
calcium metabolism regulator, pharmaceutical aid |
E |
| -ectin |
antiparasitics, ivermectin derivatives |
| -entan |
endothelin receptor antagonists |
| -eptacog |
see –cog |
| erg |
ergot alkaloid derivatives |
| -eridine |
analgesics, pethidine derivatives |
| -ermin |
growth factors;
-dermin (epidermal growth factors);
-fermin (fibrinoblast growth factors);
-nermin (tumour necrosis factor);
-sermin (insulin-like growth factors) |
| estr |
estrogens |
| -etanide |
diuretics, piretanide derivatives |
| -exakin |
see -kin |
| -exine |
mucolytic, bromhexine derivatives |
F |
| -fenamic acid |
anti-inflammatory, anthranilic acid derivatives
-fenamate (“-fenamic acid” derivatives) |
| -fenin |
diagnostic aids; (phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives |
| -fenine |
analgesics, glafenine derivatives - (subgroup of fenamic acid group) |
| -fentanil |
narcotic analgesics, fentanil derivatives |
| -fermin |
see –ermin |
| -fiban |
Fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein lib/llla receptor antagonists |
| -fibrate |
clofibrate derivatives |
| -flapon |
5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor |
| -flurane |
general inhalation anaesthetics, halogenated alkane derivatives |
| -formin |
antihyperglycaemics, phenformin derivatives |
| -fos (-vos) |
insecticides, anthelmintics,pesticides etc., phosphorous derivatives |
| -fos- or fos- |
various pharmacological categories belonging to -fos (other than above) |
| -fradil |
calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators |
| -frine |
see -drine |
| -fungin |
antifungal antibiotics |
| -fylline |
N-methylated xanthine derivatives |
G |
| gab |
gabamimetic agents |
| gado- |
diagnostic agents, gadolinium derivatives |
| -gatran |
thrombin inhibitor, antithrombotic agents |
| gest |
steroids, progestogens |
| -giline |
MAO-inhibitors type B |
| -gillin |
antibiotics produced by Aspergillus strains |
| gli |
antihyperglycaemics, sulfonamide derivatives |
| -golide |
dopamine receptor agonists, ergoline derivatives |
| -gramostim |
see -stim |
| -grastim |
see -stim |
| -grel- or -grel |
platelet aggregation inhibitors |
| guan- |
antihypertensives, guanidine derivatives |
H & I |
| -icam |
anti-inflammatory, isoxicam derivatives |
| -ifene |
antiestrogens, clomifene and tamoxifen derivatives |
| -ilide |
Class III antiarrhythmics, sematilide derivatives |
| imex |
immunostimulants |
| -imod |
immunomodulators, both stimulant/suppressie and stimulant |
| -imus |
immunosuppressants (other than antineoplastics) |
| io- |
iodine-containing contrast media |
| -io- or iod- |
iodine containing compounds other than contrast media |
| -iptan |
serotonin (5HT1) receptor agonists, sumatriptan derivatives |
| -irudin |
hirudin derivatives |
| -isomide |
antiarrhythmics, disopyramide derivatives |
| -ium |
quarternary ammonium compounds
- curium (curare-like substances) |
| -izine |
diphenylmethyl piperazine derivatives
-rizine (antihistaminics/cerebral (or peripheral) vasodilators) |
J & K |
| -kacin |
antibiotics, kanamycin and bekanamycin derivatives (obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus); |
| -kalant |
potassium channel blockers |
| -kalim |
potassium channel activators, antihypertensive |
| -kef- |
enkephalin agonists |
| -kin |
interleukin type substances;
-nakin (ll-1 derivatives)
-leukin (ll-2 derivatives)
-plestim (ll-3 derivatives)
-exakin (ll-6 derivatives) |
| -kinra |
interleukin receptor antagonists;
-nakinra (ll-1 receptor antagonists) |
| -kiren |
renin inhibitors |
L |
| -leukin |
see -kin |
| -lipastat |
see -stat |
| -lukast |
see -ast |
M |
| -mab |
monoclonal antibodies (for details please see page …..) |
| -mantadine |
adamantine derivatives;
-mantine, -mantone |
| -meline |
cholinergic agents, arecoline derivatives |
| -mer |
polymers |
| -mesine |
sigma receptor ligands |
| -mestane |
aromatase inhibitors |
| -metacin |
anti-inflammatory, indometacin derivatives |
| -micin |
antibiotics obtained from various Micromonospora |
| -monam |
monobactam antibiotics |
| -morelin |
see -relin |
| -mostim |
see -stim |
| -motine |
antivirals, quinoline derivatives |
| -moxin |
monoamine oxidase inhibitors, hydrazine derivatives ** not part of definition |
| -mustine |
antineoplastic, alkylating agents, (b-chloroethyl) amine derivatives |
| -mycin |
antibiotics, produced by Streptomyces strains |
N |
| nab |
cannabinol derivatives |
| -nakin |
see -kin |
| -nakinra |
see -kinra |
| nal- |
narcotic antagonists/agonists related to normorphine |
| -nercept |
tumour necrosis factor antagonist |
| -nermin |
see -ermin |
| nic |
nicotinic acid or nicotinoyl alcohol derivatives |
| -nicate |
antihypercholesterolaemic and/or vasodilating nicotinic acid esters |
| -nidazole |
antiprotozoals, metronidazole derivatives |
| nifur- |
5-nitrofuran derivatives |
| -nixin |
anti-inflammatory, anilinonicotinic acid derivatives |
| -nonacog |
see -cog |
O |
| -octocog |
see -cog |
| -olol |
b-adrenoreceptor antagonists
-alol: aromatic ring –CH-CH2-NH-R related to -olols |
| -olone |
steroids other than prednisolone derivatives |
| |
|
| -opamine |
dopaminergic agents dopamine derivatives used as cardiac stimulat/antihypertensives/diuretics |
| -onide |
steroids for topical use, acetal derivatives |
| -(o)nidine |
antihypertensives, clonidine derivatives |
| -orex |
anoretics |
| orphan |
narcotic antagonists/agonists, morphinan derivates;
-orphine, -orphinol, orphone |
| -oxacin |
antibacterials, nalidixic acid derivatives |
| -oxan(e) |
benzodioxane derivatives |
| -oxanide |
antiparasitics, salicylanides and analogues |
| -oxef |
antibiotics, oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives |
| -oxetine |
antidepressants, fluoxetine derivatives |
P |
| -pafant |
platelet-activating factor antagonists |
| -pamide |
diuretics, sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives |
| -pamil |
coronary vasodilators, verapamil derivatives |
| -parcin |
glycopeptides antibiotics |
| -parin |
heparin derivatives including low molecular mass heparins |
| -penem |
analogues of penicillanic acid antibiotics modified in the five-membered ring |
| -peridol |
see –perone |
| -peridone |
see –perone |
| -perone |
tranquillizers, neuroleptics, 4’-fluoro-4-piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives;
- peridol (antipsychotics, haloperidol derivatives);
-peridone (antipsychotics, risperidone derivatives) |
| -pidem |
hypnotics/sedatives, zolpidem derivatives |
| -pin(e) |
tricyclic compounds
-apine (psychoactive);
-cilpine (antiepileptic);
-dipine (see –dipine)
-zepine (antidepressant/neuroleptic;
-oxepin, -oxopine, -sopine, -tepines |
| -piprazole |
psychotropics, phenylpiperazine derivatives |
| -pirox |
antimycotic pyridine derivatives |
| -planin |
antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains) |
| -platin |
antineoplastic agents, platinum derivatives |
| -plestim |
see –stim |
| -plon |
pyrazolo[-]pyrimidine derivatives, used as anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics
-poetin erythropoietin type blood factors
-porfin benzoporphyrin derivatives |
| -pramine |
substances of the imipramine group |
| -prazole |
antiulcer, benzimidazole derivatives |
| pred |
prednisone and prednisolone derivatives;
methazone or –metasone, -betasol |
| -pressin |
vasoconstrictors, vasopressin derivatives |
| -pride |
sulpiride derivatives |
| -pril(at) |
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |
| -prim |
antibacterials, trimethoprim derivatives |
| -profen |
anti-inflammatory agents, ibuprofen derivatives |
| prost |
prostaglandins;
-prostil (prostaglandins, anti-ulcer) |
| -prostil |
see -prost |
Q |
| -quinil |
benzodiazepine receptor partial agonists (quinoline derivatives) |
R |
| -racetam |
amide type nootrope agents, piracetam derivatives |
| -relin |
prehormones or hormone-release stimulating peptides;
-morelin (growth hormone release-stimulating peptides);
-tirelin (thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues) |
| -relix |
hormone-release inhibiting peptides |
| -renone |
aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone derivates |
| -restat (or -restat-) |
see –stat |
| retin |
retinol derivatives |
| -ribine |
ribofuranil-derivatives of the pyrazofurin type |
| rifa- |
antibiotics, rifamycin derivatives |
| -rinone |
cardiac stimulants, amrinone derivatives |
| -rizine |
see –izine |
| -rozole |
aromatase inhibitors, imidozole-triazole derivatives |
| -rubicin |
antineoplastic antibiotics, daunorubicin derivatives |
S |
| sal |
salicylic acid derivatives:
-sal-, salazo-, -salazine/-salazide, -salan |
| -sartan |
angiotensin II receptor antagonists, antihypertensive (non-peptidic) |
| -semide |
diuretics, furosemide derivatives |
| -sermin |
see –ermin |
| -serpine |
derivatives of Rauwolfia alkaloids |
| -setron |
serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT3), not fitting into other established groups of serotonin receptor antagonists |
| som- |
growth hormone derivatives |
| -spirone |
anxiolytics, buspirone derivatives |
| -stan- or -ster- |
steroids, androgens |
| -stat (or -stat-) |
enzyme inhibitors:
-lipastat (pancreatic lipase inhibitors);
restat or -restat- (aldose-reducing inhibitors);
-vastatin (antilipidemic substances, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors |
| -steine |
mucolytics, other than bromhexine derivatives |
| -ster- |
androgens/anabolic steroids:
-testosterone, -sterone, -ster-, -gesterone, -sterone, sterol, ster,
-(a)steride(antineoplastics) |
| -stim |
colony stimulating factors:
-grastim (granulocyte colony stimulatory factor (G-CSF) type) substances;
-gramostim (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) type substances);
-mostim (macrophage stimulating factors (M-CSF) type substances);
-plestim (interleukin-3 analogues and derivatives) |
| sulfa- |
anti-infectives, sulfonamides |
| -sulfan |
antineoplastic, alkylating agents, methanesulfonates |
T |
| -tecan |
antineoplastics, topoisomerase I inhibitors |
| -tepa |
antineoplastics, thiotepa derivatives |
| -teplase |
see -ase |
| -terol |
bronchodilators, phenethylamine derivatives
(previously -prenaline or -terenol) |
| -terone |
antiandrogens |
| -tiazem |
calcium channel blockers, diltiazem derivatives |
| -tide |
peptides and glycopeptides
(for special groups of peptides see -actide, -pressin, -relin, -tocin) |
| -tidine |
histamine H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine derivatives |
| -tirelin |
see -relin |
| -tizide |
diuretics, chlorothiazide derivatives |
| -tocin |
oxytocin derivatives |
| -toin |
antiepileptics, hydantoin derivatives |
| -trexate |
folic acid analogues |
| -tricin |
antibiotics, polyene derivatives |
| -triptyline |
antidepressants, dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane or cyclopheptene derivatives |
| -troban |
thromboxane A2-receptor antagonists; antithrombotic agents |
| -trodast |
see -ast |
| trop |
atropine derivatives |
U |
| -uplase |
see -ase |
| -uracil |
uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists and as antineoplastics |
| -uridine |
uridine derivatives used as antiviral agents and as antineoplastics; also -udine |
V |
| -vastatin |
see -stat |
| -verine |
spasmolytics with a papaverine-like action |
| vin- or -vin- |
vinca alkaloids |
| vir |
antivirals (underfined group):
-amivir (neuraminidase inhibitors);
-cavir (carbocyclic nucleosides);
-virsen (antisense oligonucleotides) |
| -virsen |
see vir |
| -vudine |
antiviral; antineoplastics, zidovudine derivatives |
W & X |
| -xanox |
antiallergic respiratory tract drugs, xanoxic acid derivatives |
Y & Z |
| -zofone |
alozafone derivatives |
| -zepine |
see -pine |
