Ribasphere Side Effects

Generic Name: ribavirin

Please note - some side effects for Ribasphere may not be reported. Always consult your doctor or healthcare specialist for medical advice. You may also report side effects to the FDA.

Side Effects of Ribasphere - for the Consumer

Ribasphere

All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome when using Ribasphere:

Cough; diarrhea; dizziness; dry mouth; dry skin; hair loss; joint pain; loss of appetite; mild headache, nausea, or vomiting; mild stomach pain; sinus problems; tiredness; trouble sleeping; upset stomach; weakness or fatigue.

Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur when using Ribasphere:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue; unusual hoarseness; wheezing); bloating of the stomach; changes in hearing, taste, or vision; chest pain; confusion; dark, tarry, or bloody stools; dark urine; decrease in the amount of urine; fainting; fever, chills, or sore throat; hearing loss; irregular heartbeat; menstrual problems; mood or mental problems (eg, agitation, aggression, anger, anxiety, decreased concentration, depression, irritability, memory problems, nervousness); muscle pain or weakness; numbness of an arm or leg; pale stools; persistent loss of appetite; rapid breathing; rash with blisters or sores in your mouth, nose, or eyes; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; severe or persistent diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting; severe or persistent headache or dizziness; severe stomach or back pain; shortness of breath; suicidal thoughts or actions; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual or severe tiredness, weakness, or fatigue; vomit that looks like coffee grounds; weight loss; worsening psoriasis; yellowing of the eyes or skin.

This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.

Ribasphere Capsules

All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome when using Ribasphere Capsules:

Constipation; cough; diarrhea; dizziness; dry mouth; dry skin; loss of appetite; mild headache, nausea, or vomiting; sinus problems; tiredness; upset stomach; weakness or fatigue.

Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur when using Ribasphere Capsules:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; itching; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); changes in hearing, taste, or vision; chest pain; dark, tarry, or bloody stools; dark urine; decrease in the amount of urine; fainting; fever, chills, or sore throat; hair loss; joint pain; menstrual problems; mood or mental problems (eg, agitation, aggression, anger, anxiety, decreased concentration, depression, irritability, nervousness); muscle pain or weakness; numbness of an arm or leg; pale stools; prolonged nausea and vomiting; rapid breathing; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; severe headache; severe or persistent diarrhea; severe stomach or back pain; shortness of breath; suicidal thoughts or actions; trouble sleeping; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual or severe tiredness, weakness, or fatigue; weight loss; yellowing of the eyes or skin.

This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.

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Ribasphere Side Effects - for the Professional

Ribasphere

Clinical trials with ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b have been conducted in over 7800 subjects from 3 to 76 years of age.

The primary toxicity of ribavirin is hemolytic anemia. Reductions in hemoglobin levels occurred within the first 1 to 2 weeks of oral therapy. Cardiac and pulmonary reactions associated with anemia occurred in approximately 10% of patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Greater than 96% of all subjects in clinical trials experienced one or more adverse reactions. The most commonly reported adverse reactions in adult subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b in combination with ribavirin were injection site inflammation/reaction, fatigue/asthenia, headache, rigors, fevers, nausea, myalgia and anxiety/emotional lability/irritability. The most common adverse reactions in pediatric subjects, ages 3 and older, receiving ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b were pyrexia, headache, neutropenia, fatigue, anorexia, injection site erythema, and vomiting.

The Adverse Reactions section references the following clinical studies:

• Ribavirin/peginterferon alfa-2b Combination therapy studies:
  • Clinical Study 1 - evaluated peginterferon alfa-2b monotherapy (not further described in this label; see Peginterferon alfa-2b Powder for Injection Package Insert for information about this study).
  • Study 2 - evaluated ribavirin 800 mg/day flat dose in combination with 1.5 mcg/kg/week peginterferon alfa-2b or with interferon alfa-2b.
  • Study 3 - evaluated peginterferon alfa-2b/weight-based ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b/flat dose ribavirin regimen.
  • Study 4- compared two peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 mcg/kg/week and 1 mcg/kg/week) doses in combination with ribavirin and a third treatment group receiving Pegasys® (180 mcg/week)/Copegus® (1000-1200 mg/day).
  • Study 5 – evaluated peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 mcg/kg/week) in combination with weight-based ribavirin in prior treatment failure subjects.
• Peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin Combination Therapy in Pediatric Patients
• Ribavirin/interferon alfa-2b Combination Therapy studies for adults and pediatrics

Serious adverse reactions have occurred in approximately 12% of subjects in clinical trials with peginterferon alfa-2b with or without ribavirin [see BOXED WARNING, Warnings and Precautions (5)]. The most common serious events occurring in subjects treated with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin were depression and suicidal ideation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)], each occurring at a frequency of less than 1%. Suicidal ideation or attempts occurred more frequently among pediatric patients, primarily adolescents, compared to adult patients (2.4% versus 1%) during treatment and off-therapy follow-up [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]. The most common fatal reaction occurring in subjects treated with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin was cardiac arrest, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)], all occurring in less than 1% of subjects.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reactions rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rated in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Clinical Studies Experience-Ribavirin/Peginterferon alfa-2b Combination Therapy

Adult Subjects

Adverse reactions that occurred in the clinical trial at > 5% incidence are provided by treatment group from the ribavirin/peginterferon alfa-2b Combination Therapy (Study 2) in Table 6.

Table 6. Adverse Events Occurring in >5% of Adult Subjects

* A subject may have reported more than one adverse reaction within a body system/organ class category.
	Percentage of Patients Reporting Adverse Events*			Percentage of Patients Reporting Adverse Events*
Adverse Events	Peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/kg/   Ribavirin   (n=511)	interferon alfa-2b/   Ribavirin   (n=505)	Adverse Events	Peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/kg/   Ribavirin   (n=511)	interferon alfa-2b/   Ribavirin   (n=505)
Application Site			Musculoskeletal
Injection site Inflammation	25	18	Myalgia	56	50
Injection Site Reaction	58	36	Arthralgia	34	28
Autonomic Nervous System			Musculoskeletal Pain	21	19
Mouth Dry	12	8	Psychiatric
Sweating Increased	11	7	Insomnia	40	41
Flushing	4	3	Depression	31	34
Body as a Whole			Anxiety/Emotional Lability/    Irritability	47	47
Fatigue/Asthenia	66	63	Concentration Impaired	17	21
Headache	62	58	Agitation	8	5
Rigors	48	41	Nervousness	6	6
Fever	46	33	Reproductive, Female
Weight Decrease	29	20	Menstrual Disorder	7	6
Right Upper Quaderant Pain	12	6	Resistance Mechanism
Chest Pain	8	7	Infection Viral	12	12
Malaise	4	6	Infection Fungal	6	1
Central/Peripheral Nervous System			Respiratory System
Dizziness	21	17	Dyspnea	26	24
Endocrine			Coughing	23	16
Hypothyroidism	5	4	Pharyngitis	12	13
Gastrointestinal			Rhinitis	8	6
Nausea	43	33	Sinusitis	6	5
Anorexia	32	27	Skin and Appendages
Diarrhea	22	17	Alopecia	36	32
Vomiting	14	12	Pruritus	29	28
Abdominal Pain	13	13	Rash	24	23
Dyspepsia	9	8	Skin Dry	24	23
Constipation	5	5	Special Senses, Other
Hematologic Disorders			Taste Perversion	9	4
Neutropenia	26	14	Vision Disorders
Anemia	12	17	Vision Blurred	5	6
Leukopenia	6	5	Conjunctivitis	4	5
Thrombocytopenia	5	2
Liver and Biliary System
Hepatomegaly	4	4

Table 7 summarizes the treatment related adverse reactions in Study 4 that occurred at a ≥10% incidence.

Table 7: Summary of Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions (≥10% Incidence) By Descending Frequency

Study 4 Percentage of Patients Reporting Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions
Adverse Reactions	Peginterferon alfa-2b    1.5 mcg/kg    with Ribavirin    (n=1019)	Peginterferon alfa-2b    1 mcg/kg    with Rbavirin    (n=1016)	Peginterferon alfa-2a      180 with ribavirin tablets   (n=1035)
Fatigue	67	68	64
Headache	50	47	41
Nausea	40	35	34
Chills	39	36	23
Insomnia	38	37	41
Anemia	35	30	34
Pyrexia	35	32	21
Injection Site Reactions	34	35	23
Anorexia	29	25	21
Rash	29	25	34
Myalgia	27	26	22
Neutropenia	26	19	31
Irritability	25	25	25
Depression	25	19	20
Alopecia	23	20	17
Dyspnea	21	20	22
Arthralgia	21	22	22
Pruritis	18	15	19
Influenza-like Illness	16	15	15
Dizziness	16	14	13
Diarrhea	15	16	14
Cough	15	16	17
Weight Decreased	13	10	10
Vomiting	12	10	9
Unspecified Pain	12	13	9
Dry Skin	11	11	12
Anxiety	11	11	10
Abdominal Pain	10	10	10
Leukopenia	9	7	10

The incidence of serious adverse reactions was comparable in all studies. In Study 3, there was a similar incidence of serious adverse reactions reported for the weight-based ribavirin group (12%) and with the flat-dose ribavirin regimen. In Study 2, the incidence of serious adverse reactions was 17% in the peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin groups compared to 14% in the interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin group.

In many but not all cases, adverse reactions resolved after dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy. Some subjects experienced ongoing or new serious adverse reactions during the 6-month follow-up period. In Study 2, many subjects continued to experience adverse reactions several months after discontinuation of therapy. By the end of the 6-month follow-up period, the incidence of ongoing adverse reactions by body class in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5/ribavirin group was 33% (psychiatric), 20% (musculoskeletal), and 10% (for endocrine and for GI). In approximately 10 to 15% of subjects’ weight loss, fatigue, and headache had not resolved.

There have been 31 subject deaths which occurred during treatment or during follow-up in these clinical trials. In Study 1, there was 1 suicide in a subject receiving peginterferon alfa-2b monotherapy and 2 deaths among subjects receiving interferon alfa-2b monotherapy (1 murder/suicide and 1 sudden death). In Study 2, there was 1 suicide in a subject receiving peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin combination therapy; and 1 subject death in the interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin group (motor vehicle accident). There have been 31 subject deaths which occurred during treatment or during follow-up in the three clinical trials. In Study 3, there were 14 deaths, 2 of which were probable suicides and 1 was an unexplained death in a person with a relevant medical history of depression. In Study 4, there were 12 deaths, 6 of which occurred in subjects who received peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin combination therapy, 5 in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/ribavirin arm (N=1019) and 1 in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1 mcg/ribavirin arm (N=1016), and 6 of which occurred in subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin tablets (N=1035). There were 3 suicides which occurred during the off treatment follow-up period in subjects who received peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin combination therapy.

In studies 1 and 2, 10 to 14% of subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2b, alone or in combination with ribavirin, discontinued therapy compared with 6% treated with interferon alfa-2b alone and 13% treated with interferon alfa-2b in combination with ribavirin. Similarly in Study 3, 15% of subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2b in combination with weight-based ribavirin and 14% of subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2b and flat dose ribavirin discontinued therapy due to an adverse reaction. The most common reasons for discontinuation of therapy were related to known interferon effects of psychiatric, systemic (e.g., fatigue, headache), or gastrointestinal adverse reactions. In study 4, 13% of subjects in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/ribavirin arm, 10% in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1 mcg/ribavirin arm and 13% in the peginterferon alfa-2a 180 mcg/ribavirin tablets arm discontinued due to adverse events.

In Study 2, dose reductions due to adverse reactions occurred in 42% of subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin and in 34% of those receiving interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin. The majority of subjects (57%) weighing 60 kg or less receiving peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin required dose reduction. Reduction of interferon was dose related (peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/kg > peginterferon alfa-2b 0.5 mcg/kg or interferon alfa-2b), 40%, 27%, 28%, respectively. Dose reduction for ribavirin was similar across all three groups, 33 to 35%. The most common reasons for dose modifications were neutropenia (18%), or anemia (9%). Other common reasons included depression, fatigue, nausea, and thrombocytopenia. In Study 3, dose modifications due to adverse reactions occurred more frequently with WBD compared to flat dosing (29% and 23%, respectively). In Study 4, 16% of subjects had a dose reduction of peginterferon alfa-2b to 1 mcg/kg in combination with ribavirin, with an additional 4% requiring the second dose reduction of peginterferon alfa-2b to 0.5 mcg/kg due to adverse events compared to 15% of subjects in the peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin tablets arm, who required a dose reduction to 135 mcg/week with peginterferon alfa-2a, with an additional 7% in the peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin tablets arm requiring second dose reduction to 90 mcg/week with peginterferon alfa-2a.

In the peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin combination trials the most common adverse reactions were psychiatric which occurred among 77% of subjects in Study 2 and 68% to 69% of subjects in Study 3. These psychiatric adverse reactions included most commonly depression, irritability, and insomnia, each reported by approximately 30% to 40% of subjects in all treatment groups. Suicidal behavior (ideation, attempts, and suicides) occurred in 2% of all subjects during treatment or during follow-up after treatment cessation [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]. In study 4 psychiatric adverse reactions occurred in 58 % of subjects in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/ribavirin arm, 55% of subjects in the peginterferon alfa-2b 1 mcg/ribavirin arm, 57% of subjects in the peginterferon alfa-2a 180 mcg/ribavirin tablets arm.

Peginterferon alfa-2b induced fatigue or headache in approximately two-thirds of subjects, with fever or rigors in approximately half of the subjects. The severity of some of these systemic symptoms (e.g., fever and headache) tends to decrease as treatment continues. In Studies 1 and 2, application site inflammation and reaction (e.g., bruise, itchiness, and irritation) occurred at approximately twice the incidence with peginterferon alfa-2b therapies (in up to 75% of subjects) compared with interferon alfa-2b . However, injection site pain was infrequent (2 to 3%) in all groups. In Study 3 there was a 23 to 24% incidence overall for injection site reactions or inflammation.

Subjects receiving ribavirin/peginterferon alfa-2b retreatment after failing a previous interferon combination regimen reported adverse reactions similar to those previously associated with this regimen during clinical trials of treatment-naïve subjects.

Pediatric Subjects

In general, the adverse-reaction profile in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adults. In the pediatric study, the most prevalent adverse reactions in all subjects were pyrexia (80%), headache (62%), neutropenia (33%), fatigue (30%), anorexia (29%), injection-site erythema (29%) and vomiting (27%). The majority of adverse reactions reported in the study were mild or moderate in severity. Severe adverse reactions were reported in 7% (8/107) of all subjects and included injection site pain (1%), pain in extremity (1%), headache (1%), neutropenia (1%), and pyrexia (4%). Important adverse reactions that occurred in this subject population were nervousness (7%; 7/107), aggression (3%; 3/107), anger (2%; 2/107), and depression (1%; 1/107). Five subjects received levothyroxine treatment, 3 with clinical hypothyroidism and 2 with asymptomatic TSH elevations.

Dose modifications of peginterferon alfa-2b and/or ribavirin were required in 25% of subjects due to treatment-related adverse reactions, most commonly for anemia, neutropenia and weight loss. Two subjects (2%; 2/107) discontinued therapy as the result of an adverse reaction.

Adverse reactions that occurred with a ≥ 10% incidence in the pediatric trial subjects are provided in Table 8.

Table 8: Percentage (%) of Pediatric Subjects With Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions (in at Least 10% of All Subjects)

System Organ Class Preferred Term	All subjects (N=107)
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders
Neutropenia	33%
Anemia	11%
Leukopenia	10%
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abdominal Pain	21%
Abdominal Pain Upper	12%
Vomiting	27%
Nausea	18%
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
Pyrexia	80%
Fatigue	30%
Injection Site Erythema	29%
Chills	21%
Asthenia	15%
Irritability	14%
Investigations
Weight Loss	19%
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Anorexia	29%
Decreased Appetite	22%
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Arthralgia	17%
Myalgia	17%
Nervous System Disorders
Headache	62%
Dizziness	14%
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Alopecia	17%

Laboratory Values

Adult and Pediatric Subjects

The adverse reaction profile in Study 3, which compared peginterferon alfa-2b/weight-based ribavirin combination to a peginterferon alfa-2b/flat dose ribavirin regimen, revealed an increased rate of anemia with weight-based dosing (29% vs. 19% for weight-based vs. flat dose regimens, respectively). However, the majority of cases of anemia were mild and responded to dose reductions.

Changes in selected laboratory values during treatment in combination with ribavirin capsules treatment are described below. Decreases in hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelets may require dose reduction or permanent discontinuation from therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. Changes in selected laboratory values during therapy are described in Table 9. Most of the changes in laboratory values in the peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin study with pediatric were mild or moderate.

Table 9: Selected Laboratory Values During Treatment With Ribavirin Plus Peginterferon alfa-2b or Ribavirin Capsules Plus interferon alfa-2b in Previously Untreated Subjects

* The table summarizes the worst category observed within the period per laboratory test. Only subjects with at least one treatment value for a given laboratory test are included. † N=Upper limit of normal
Laboratory Parameters*	Percent of Subjects
	Adults (Study 2)		Pediatrics
	Peginterferon alfa-2b plus   Ribavirin Capsules   (N=511)	interferon alfa-2b plus   Ribavirin Capsules   (N=505)	Peginterferon alfa-2b plus   Ribavirin Capsules   (N=107)*
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
9.5-<11.0	26	27	30
8.0-<9.5	3	3	2
6.5-7.9	0.2	0.2	-
Leukocytes (x109/L)
2.0-2.9	46	41	39
1.5-<2.0	24	8	3
1.0-1.4	5	1	-
Neutrophils (x109/L)
1.0-1.5	33	37	35
0.75-<1.0	25	13	26
0.5-<0.75	18	7	13
<0.5	4	2	3
Platelets (x109/L)
70-100	15	5	1
50-<70	3	0.8	-
30-49	0.2	0.2	--
25-<50	--	--	1
Total Bilirubin	(mg/dL)		(µmole/L)
1.5 -3.0	10	13	--
1.26-2.59 x N†	--	--	7
3.1-6.0	0.6	0.2	--
2.6-5 x N†	--	--	-
6.1-12.0	0	0.2	--
ALT (U/L)
2 x Baseline	0.6	0.2	1
2.1-5 x Baseline	3	1	5
5.1-10 x Baseline	0	0	3

Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin levels decreased to < 11 g/dL in about 30% of subjects in Study 2. In Study 3, 47% of subjects receiving WBD ribavirin and 33% on flat dose ribavirin had decreases in hemoglobin levels <11 g/dl. Reductions in hemoglobin to < 9 g/dL occurred more frequently in subjects receiving WBD compared to flat dosing (4% and 2%, respectively). In Study 2, dose modification was required in 9% and 13% of subjects in the peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin and interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin groups. In Study 4, patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 mcg/kg)/ribavirin had decreases in hemoglobin levels to between 8.5 to <10 g/dL (28%) and to <8.5 g/dL (3%), whereas in patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a 180 mcg/ribavirin tablets these decreases occurred in 26% and 4% of subjects respectively. Hemoglobin levels become stable by treatment Weeks 4-6 on average. The typical pattern observed was a decrease in hemoglobin levels by treatment Week 4 followed by stabilization and a plateau, which was maintained to the end of treatment. In the peginterferon alfa-2b monotherapy trial, hemoglobin decreases were generally mild and dose modifications were rarely necessary [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

Neutrophils. Decreases in neutrophil counts were observed in a majority of adult subjects treated with combination therapy with ribavirin in Study 2 (85%) and interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin (60%). Severe potentially life-threatening neutropenia (<0.5 x 109/L) occurred in 2% of subjects treated with interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin and in approximately 4% of subjects treated with peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin in Study 2. Eighteen percent of subjects receiving peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin in Study 2 required modification of interferon dosage. Few subjects (< 1%) required permanent discontinuation of treatment. Neutrophil counts generally return to pre-treatment levels 4 weeks after cessation of therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)].

Platelets. Platelet counts decreased to < 100,000/mm3 in approximately 20% of subjects treated with peginterferon alfa-2b alone or with ribavirin and in 6% of adult subjects treated with interferon alfa-2b/ribavirin. Severe decreases in platelet counts (< 50,000/mm3) occur in < 4% of adult subjects. Subjects may require discontinuation or dose modification as a result of platelet decreases [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. In Study 2, 1% or 3% of subjects required dose modification of interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b, respectively. Platelet counts generally returned to pretreatment levels 4 weeks after the cessation of therapy.

Thyroid Function. Development of TSH abnormalities, with and without clinical manifestations, are associated with interferon therapies. In Study 2, clinically apparent thyroid disorders occur among subjects treated with either interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b (with or without ribavirin) at a similar incidence (5% for hypothyroidism and 3% for hyperthyroidism). Subjects developed new onset TSH abnormalities while on treatment and during the follow-up period. At the end of the follow-up period 7% of subjects still had abnormal TSH values.

Bilirubin and uric acid. In Study 2, 10 to 14% of subjects developed hyperbilirubinemia and 33 to 38% developed hyperuricemia in association with hemolysis. Six subjects developed mild to moderate gout.

Clinical Studies Experience-Ribavirin/Interferon alfa-2b Combination Therapy

Adult Subjects

In clinical trials, 19% and 6% of previously untreated and relapse subjects, respectively, discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions in the combination arms compared to 13% and 3% in the interferon arms. Selected treatment-related adverse reactions that occurred in the US studies with ≥5% incidence are provided by treatment group. In general, the selected treatment-related adverse reactions were reported with lower incidence in the international studies as compared to the US studies with the exception of asthenia, influenza-like symptoms, nervousness, and pruritus.

Pediatric Subjects

In clinical trials of 118 pediatric subjects 3 to 16 years of age, 6% discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. Dose modifications were required in 30% of subjects, most commonly for anemia and neutropenia. In general, the adverse-reaction profile in the pediatric population was similar to that observed in adults. Injection site disorders, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and emotional lability occurred more frequently in pediatric subjects compared to adult subjects. Conversely, pediatric subjects experienced less fatigue, dyspepsia, arthralgia, insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, dyspnea, and pruritus compared to adult subjects. Selected treatment-related adverse reactions that occurred with ≥5% incidence among all pediatric subjects who received the recommended dose of ribavirin/interferon alfa-2b combination therapy are provided in Table 10.

Table 10: Selected Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions: Previously Untreated and Relapse Adult Subjects and Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects

* Subjects reporting one or more adverse reactions. A patient may have reported more than one adverse reaction within a body system/organ class category.
Patients Reporting Adverse reactions*	Percentage of Subjects
	US Previously Untreated Study				US Relapse Study		Pediatric Subjects
	24 weeks of treatment		48 weeks of treatment		24 weeks of treatment		48 weeks of treatment
	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=228)	interferon    alfa-2b plus Placebo (N=231)	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=228)	interferon    alfa-2b plus Placebo (N=225)	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=77)	interferon    alfa-2b plus Placebo (N=76)	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=118)
Application Site Disorders
Injection Site Inflammation	13	10	12	14	6	8	14
Injection Site Reaction	7	9	8	9	5	3	19
Body as a Whole - General Disorders
Headache	63	63	66	67	66	68	69
Fatigue	68	62	70	72	60	53	58
Rigors	40	32	42	39	43	37	25
Fever	37	35	41	40	32	36	61
Influenza-like Symptoms	14	18	18	20	13	13	31
Asthenia	9	4	9	9	10	4	5
Chest Pain	5	4	9	8	6	7	5
Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
Dizziness	17	15	23	19	26	21	20
Gastrointestinal System Disorders
Nausea	38	35	46	33	47	33	33
Anorexia	27	16	25	19	21	14	51
Dyspepsia	14	6	16	9	16	9	<1
Vomiting	11	10	9	13	12	8	42
Musculoskeletal System Disorders
Myalgia	61	57	64	63	61	58	32
Arthralgia	30	27	33	36	29	29	15
Musculoskeletal Pain	20	26	28	32	22	28	21
Psychiatric Disorders
Insomnia	39	27	39	30	26	25	14
Irritability	23	19	32	27	25	20	10
Depression	32	25	36	37	23	14	13
Emotional Lability	7	6	11	8	12	8	16
Concentration Impaired	11	14	14	14	10	12	5
Nervousness	4	2	4	4	5	4	3
Respiratory System Disorders
Dyspnea	19	9	18	10	17	12	5
Sinusitis	9	7	10	14	12	7	<1
Skin and Appendages Disorders
Alopecia	28	27	32	28	27	26	23
Rash	20	9	28	8	21	5	17
Pruritus	21	9	19	8	13	4	12
Special Senses, Other Disorders
Taste Perversion	7	4	8	4	6	5	<1

Laboratory Values

Changes in selected hematologic values (hemoglobin, white blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets) during therapy are described below.

Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin decreases among subjects receiving ribavirin therapy began at Week 1, with stabilization by Week 4. In previously untreated subjects treated for 48 weeks, the mean maximum decrease from baseline was 3.1 g/dL in the US study and 2.9 g/dL in the International study. In relapse subjects the mean maximum decrease from baseline was 2.8 g/dL in the US study and 2.6 g/dL in the International study. Hemoglobin values returned to pretreatment levels within 4 to 8 weeks of cessation of therapy in most subjects.

Bilirubin and Uric Acid. Increases in both bilirubin and uric acid, associated with hemolysis, were noted in clinical trials. Most were moderate biochemical changes and were reversed within 4 weeks after treatment discontinuation. This observation occurs most frequently in subjects with a previous diagnosis of Gilbert’s syndrome. This has not been associated with hepatic dysfunction or clinical morbidity.

Table 11: Selected Hematologic Abnormalities During Treatment with Ribavirin Plus Interferon alfa-2b: Previously Untreated and Relapse Adult Subjects and Previously Untreated Pediatric Subjects

	Percentage of Subjects
	US Previously Untreated Study				US Relapse Study		Pediatric Subjects
	24 weeks of treatment		48 weeks of treatment		24 weeks of treatment		48 weeks of treatment
	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=228)	interferon    alfa-2b plus Placebo (N=231)	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=228)	interferon    alfa-2b plus Placebo (N=225)	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=77)	interferon    alfa-2b plus Placebo (N=76)	interferon    alfa-2b plus   ribavirin   (N=118)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
9.5 to 10.9	24	1	32	1	21	3	24
8.0 to 9.4	5	0	4	0	4	0	3
6.5 to 7.9	0	0	0	0.4	0	0	0
< 6.5	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Leukocytes (x109/L)
2.0 to 2.9	40	20	38	23	45	26	35
1.5 to 1.9	4	1	9	2	5	3	8
1.0 to 1.4	0.9	0	2	0	0	0	0
< 1.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Neutrophils (x109/L)
1.0 to 1.49	30	32	31	44	42	34	37
0.75 to 0.99	14	15	14	11	16	18	15
0.5 to 0.74	9	9	14	7	8	4	16
< 0.5	11	8	11	5	5	8	3
Platelets (x109/L)
70 to 99	9	11	11	14	6	12	0.8
50 to 69	2	3	2	3	0	5	2
30 to 49	0	0.4	0	0.4	0	0	0
< 30	0.9	0	1	0.9	0	0	0
Total Bilirubin (mg/dL)
1.5 to 3.0	27	13	32	13	21	7	2
3.1 to 6.0	0.9	0.4	2	0	3	0	0
6.1 to 12.0	0	0	0.4	0	0	0	0
> 12.0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Postmarketing Experiences

The following adverse reactions have been identified and reported during post approval use of ribavirin in combination with interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Blood and Lymphatic System disorders

 

Pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia

Ear and Labyrinth disorders

 

Hearing disorder, vertigo

Respiratory, Thoracic and mediastinal disorders

 

Pulmonary hypertension

Eye disorders

 

Serous retinal detachment

Endocrine disorders

 

Diabetes

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Side Effects by Body System - for Healthcare Professionals

General

The most common serious or life-threatening side effects induced or aggravated by ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a have included depression, suicide, relapse of drug abuse/overdose, and bacterial infections in less than 1% of patients and hepatic decompensation in 2% of chronic hepatitis C (CHC)-HIV coinfected patients. The most common serious side effect in CHC monoinfected (3%) and CHC-HIV coinfected (5%) patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets was bacterial infection (e.g., sepsis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pyelonephritis, pneumonia). Common side effects reported in CHC-HIV coinfected patients receiving ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a have included neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, weight decrease, and mood alteration.

The most common side effects reported in patients receiving ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b were injection site inflammation/reaction, fatigue/asthenia, headache, rigors, fevers, nausea, myalgia, and anxiety/emotional lability/irritability. The most common serious side effects associated with peginterferon alfa-2b in combination with ribavirin capsules/oral solution were depression and suicidal ideation in less than 1% of patients. The most common fatal side effects reported in patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2b in combination with ribavirin capsules/oral solution were cardiac arrest, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt in less than 1% of patients.

Respiratory

Mechanically ventilated patients may be predisposed to respiratory deterioration.

Severe hypoxia was described in a case report of a previously healthy infant who experienced a dramatic drop in transcutaneous oxygen within 1 minute of receiving ribavirin. Oxygen levels returned to normal promptly following discontinuation of therapy. However, the infant later died, and postmortem examination revealed a high pulmonary arterial pressure and a patent ductus arteriosus. A definitive causal relationship was not established, and equipment failure was not specifically ruled out by the authors.

Most signs and symptoms reported in exposed health care workers resolved within minutes to hours of stopping close exposure to aerosolized ribavirin.

Respiratory side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included dyspnea (up to 26%), cough (up to 23%), and exertional dyspnea (up to 7%). Pharyngitis (up to 13%), rhinitis (up to 8%), and sinusitis (up to 12%) have been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Pulmonary symptoms (including dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates, pneumonitis, pulmonary hypertension, pneumonia, and fatal pneumonia), sarcoidosis, and exacerbation of sarcoidosis have been reported with oral ribavirin in combination with alpha interferon. Pulmonary hypertension has been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b. Significant deterioration of pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma and minor pulmonary function abnormalities in healthy volunteers have been reported with aerosolized ribavirin. Asthmatic patients have also reported dyspnea and chest soreness with aerosolized ribavirin. Worsening of respiratory status, bronchospasm, hypoventilation, cyanosis, dyspnea, bronchoconstriction, bacterial pneumonia, cough, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, apnea, atelectasis, hypoxia, and ventilator dependence have been reported with aerosolized ribavirin. Rhinitis and pharyngitis, as well as several cases of bronchospasm and/or chest pain (usually in individuals with underlying reactive airway disease), have been reported in health care workers exposed to aerosolized ribavirin.

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity side effects have included reactions such as urticaria, angioedema, bronchoconstriction, and anaphylaxis in patients treated with alfa interferon and ribavirin. Severe skin reactions (including vesiculobullous eruptions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, and exfoliative dermatitis/erythroderma) have been reported in patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Serious skin reactions have been reported during postmarketing experience in patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a.

Dermatologic

Dermatologic side effects have included rash and skin irritation from prolonged drug contact. Alopecia (up to 36%), pruritus (up to 29%), dermatitis (up to 16%), dry skin (up to 24%), increased sweating (up to 11%), rash (up to 34%), and eczema (up to 5%) have been associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b. Grover's disease has been reported in a 55-year-old man 2 weeks after the start of ribavirin therapy. A photoallergic skin reaction was reported to occur 4 months after initiation of ribavirin treatment, and recurred approximately 24 hours after reexposure to ribavirin. Skin disorders associated with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a have included lichenoid eruptions and maculopapular rashes. Rash has been reported in patients treated with and health care workers exposed to aerosolized ribavirin. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a.

Grover's disease (suprabasal transient acantholytic dermatosis) secondary to ribavirin use was confirmed upon drug rechallenge in a 55-year-old man with chronic active hepatitis C.

Rash associated with aerosolized ribavirin usually resolved within hours of stopping treatment in patients and within minutes to hours of stopping close exposure in health care workers.

Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular side effects have included angina, arrhythmia, and pulmonary embolism in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarctions have been reported in patients with anemia due to ribavirin capsules/oral solution. Cardiac arrest, hypotension, bradycardia, bigeminy, tachycardia, hypertension (usually slight increases in blood pressure), and digitalis toxicity have been reported with aerosolized ribavirin.

Bigeminy, bradycardia, and tachycardia have been reported in patients with underlying congenital heart disease.

Hematologic

Hemolytic anemia is the primary toxicity of ribavirin therapy. Hemoglobin levels generally declined within the first 1 to 2 weeks of oral therapy. Cardiac and pulmonary adverse effects associated with anemia have been reported in 10% of patients.

Hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL was reported in 13% of patients receiving ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a. Additional laboratory abnormalities during treatment with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a or interferon alfa-2b have included decreased neutrophils (1000 to less than 1500 cells/mm3: up to 38%; 500 to less than 1000 cells/mm3: up to 49%; less than 500 cells/mm3: up to 5%), platelets (50,000 to less than 75,000 cells/mm3: up to 11%; 20,000 to less than 50,000 cells/mm3: up to 5%), and hemoglobin (8.5 to 9.9 g/dL: 11%; less than 8.5 g/dL: up to 2%).

Changes in laboratory values during treatment with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b have included decreased hemoglobin (9.5 to 10.9 g/dL: up to 32%; 8 to 9.4 g/dL: up to 5%; 6.5 to 7.9 g/dL: up to 0.2%), leukocytes [2 to 2.9 x 10(9)/L: up to 46%; 1.5 to 1.9 x 10(9)/L: up to 24%; 1 to 1.4 x 10(9)/L: up to 5%], neutrophils [1 to 1.49 x 10(9)/L: up to 42%; 0.75 to 0.99 x 10(9)/L: up to 25%; 0.5 to 0.74 x 10(9)/L: up to 18%; less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L: up to 11%], and platelets [70 to 99 x 10(9)/L: up to 15%; 50 to 69 x 10(9)/L: up to 3%; 30 to 49 x 10(9)/L: up to 0.2%; less than 30 x 10(9)/L: up to 1%].

Hematologic side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included anemia (up to 35%), lymphopenia (up to 14%), neutropenia (up to 40%), thrombocytopenia (up to 8%), and leukopenia (up to 10%). Hemolytic anemia is the most significant toxicity of ribavirin. Aplastic anemia and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura have been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Pancytopenia (marked decreases in red blood cells, neutrophils, and platelets) and bone marrow suppression have been reported following concomitant administration of pegylated interferon plus oral ribavirin and azathioprine. Aplastic anemia has been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b. Pure red cell aplasia has been reported during postmarketing experience with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b. Cases of anemia (type unspecified), reticulocytosis, and hemolytic anemia associated with aerosolized ribavirin have been reported during postmarketing experience and have been reversible with drug discontinuation.

Ocular

Ocular side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included blurred vision (up to 6%). Corneal ulcer has been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Conjunctivitis (up to 5%) has been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Serous retinal detachment has been reported during postmarketing experience with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, or peginterferon alfa-2b. Eye irritation and conjunctivitis have been reported in patients treated with and health care workers exposed to aerosolized ribavirin. Lacrimation has been reported in health care workers exposed to aerosolized ribavirin. Damage to contact lenses after prolonged close exposure to aerosolized ribavirin has also been reported.

Conjunctivitis associated with aerosolized ribavirin usually resolved within hours of stopping treatment in patients. Most signs and symptoms reported in exposed health care workers resolved within minutes to hours of stopping close exposure to aerosolized ribavirin.

Eye and conjunctival irritation resolved spontaneously when the caregivers left the hospital. In five of six cases, the caregivers were wearing contact lenses. After the staff stopped wearing contact lenses while caring for patients receiving aerosolized ribavirin, the reactions did not occur.

Gastrointestinal

Most signs and symptoms reported in exposed health care workers resolved within minutes to hours of stopping close exposure to aerosolized ribavirin.

Gastrointestinal side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included nausea (up to 47%), nausea and vomiting (up to 29%), diarrhea (up to 22%), vomiting (up to 14%), abdominal pain (up to 13%), dry mouth (up to 12%), dyspepsia (up to 16%), and constipation (5%). Peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding, pancreatitis, and colitis have been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Nausea has been reported in health care workers exposed to aerosolized ribavirin.

Musculoskeletal

Musculoskeletal side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included myalgia (up to 64%), arthralgia (up to 34%), musculoskeletal pain (up to 28%), and back pain (5%). Myositis has been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. At least 6 cases of mild to moderate gout have been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b.

Nervous system

Nervous system side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included headache (up to 66%), dizziness (excluding vertigo; 26%), and memory impairment (up to 6%). Peripheral neuropathy, coma, and cerebral hemorrhage have been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Taste perversion (up to 9%) has been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Hearing impairment and hearing loss have been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a. Vertigo and hearing disorder have been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b. Headache and dizziness have been reported in health care workers exposed to aerosolized ribavirin. Seizures have been reported with experimental intravenous ribavirin.

Most signs and symptoms reported in exposed health care workers resolved within minutes to hours of stopping close exposure to aerosolized ribavirin.

Metabolic

Metabolic side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included anorexia (up to 32%) and weight decrease (up to 29%). Diabetes mellitus has been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Falsely low hemoglobin A1c levels have been reported. Dehydration has been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a. Diabetes has been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with interferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2b.

Falsely low hemoglobin A1c levels may be due to ribavirin-induced hemolysis decreasing the number of circulating glycosylated hemoglobin molecules.

Psychiatric

Psychiatric side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included irritability/anxiety/nervousness/emotional lability (up to 47%), insomnia (up to 41%), depression (up to 36%), concentration impairment (up to 21%), mood alteration (up to 9%), and agitation (up to 8%). Suicide, suicidal ideation, psychosis, aggression, anxiety, drug abuse/overdose, psychotic disorder, and hallucination have been reported in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Impairment of desire and the potential to affect sexual satisfaction have been reported with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a in male patients.

Endocrine

Endocrine side effects associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b have included hypothyroidism (up to 5%).

Other

Other side effects frequently associated with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a have included influenza-like symptoms (such as fatigue, pyrexia, myalgia, headache, and rigors). Fatigue/asthenia (up to 70%), pyrexia (up to 55%), rigors (up to 48%), chills (up to 39%), influenza-like illness (up to 18%), unspecified pain (up to 13%), right upper quadrant pain (up to 12%), pain (up to 10%), chest pain (up to 9%), and malaise (up to 6%) have been associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b. Hyperuricemia (in association with hemolysis; up to 38%) and flushing (up to 4%) have been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Asthenia has been reported with experimental intravenous ribavirin.

Hepatic

Hepatic side effects have included hepatic dysfunction, fatty liver, and cholangitis in less than 1% of patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets. Hepatic decompensation has been reported in 2% of CHC-HIV coinfected patients receiving peginterferon alfa-2a in combination with ribavirin tablets. Hyperbilirubinemia (in association with hemolysis; up to 14%), hepatomegaly (4%), and increased ALT have been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b.

Changes in laboratory values during treatment with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b have included increased total bilirubin (1.5 to 3 mg/dL: up to 32%; 3.1 to 6 mg/dL: up to 3%; 6.1 to 12 mg/dL: up to 0.4%) and ALT (2 x baseline: up to 0.6%; 2.1 to 5 x baseline: up to 3%).

Immunologic

Immunologic side effects associated with peginterferon alfa-2a alone or in combination with ribavirin tablets have included bacterial infection (e.g., sepsis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pyelonephritis, pneumonia) in 3% of CHC and 5% of CHC-HIV patients and autoimmune phenomena (such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) in less than 1% of patients. Resistance mechanism disorders (overall: up to 12%), including viral infection (12%) and fungal infection (up to 6%), have been associated with oral ribavirin in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, or interferon alfa-2b. Liver and renal graft rejections have been reported during postmarketing experience with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a.

Genitourinary

Genitourinary side effects associated with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a have included sexual dysfunction in male patients. Menstrual disorder has been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b.

Local

Local side effects have included injection site reactions (up to 58%) in patients treated with oral ribavirin in combination with interferon alfa-2b, peginterferon alfa-2b, or peginterferon alfa-2a. Injection site inflammation (up to 25%) has been reported with ribavirin capsules/oral solution in combination with peginterferon alfa-2b or interferon alfa-2b. Skin disorders associated with ribavirin tablets in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a have included cutaneous necrosis at peginterferon alfa-2a injection sites. Hyperpigmentation around/over peginterferon alfa-2a injection sites has been reported.

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