Synovial biopsy

Alternative Names: Biopsy - synovial membrane

A synovial biopsy is the removal of a piece of tissue lining a joint. The tissue is called the synovial membrane.

Why is the Test Performed?

Synovial biopsy helps diagnose gout, bacterial infections, or other infections, and may suggest the presence of inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders.

How is the Test Performed?

The test is usually done in the operating room with the use of arthroscopy.

The health care provider will inject a numbing medicine (local anesthetic) into the area. An instrument called a trocar is inserted into the joint space. This tool helps push fluid in and out of the area. A biopsy grasper is inserted through the trocar and turned to cut out a tissue segment.

The tools are removed. The biopsy site is cleaned. Pressure and a bandage are applied.

Preparation for the Test

Tell your health care provider:

• If you are pregnant
• If you have any drug allergies
• If you have bleeding problems
• What medications you are taking (including any herbal medicines and supplements)

How will the Test Feel?

With the local anesthetic, you will feel a prick and a burning sensation. As the trocar is inserted, there will be some discomfort.

Synovial biopsy Risks

There is a very slight chance of infection and bleeding. Rarely, there is a chance of the needle striking a nerve or blood vessel.

Normal Results for Synovial biopsy

The synovial membrane structure is normal.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Synovial biopsy may identify the following conditions:

• Coccidioidomycosis (a fungal infection)
• Fungal arthritis
• Gout
• Hemochromatosis (abnormal accumulation of iron deposits)
• Tuberculosis
• Synovial cancer

The test may help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.

Synovial biopsy

Review Date: 7/28/2010
Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

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